Friday, October 31, 2014

70% of U.S. Citizens don't have passports: Ethnocentrism

People in Europe for example, likely would be horrified about this true statement about Americans. This is why Americans, Russians and Chinese people are usually the most ethnocentric in the world.

And it is this same ethnocentrism that gets millions of people killed around the world in World War II and likely in whatever this is going on in Syria, Iraq, Ukraine, Crimea, Lebanon, Libya and whatever mess happens next:
    1. Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture, especially with concern for language, behavior, customs, and religion.

    2. Ethnocentrism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

      en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrism
      Wikipedia

  2. Ethnocentrism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrism
    Wikipedia
    Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture, especially with concern for language, behavior, customs, and religion.
    ‎Origins of the concept and its ... - ‎Anthropology - ‎Biology and evolutionary theory
     

    Ethnocentrism

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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    Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.[1][page needed] Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture, especially with concern for language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity.[2] Ethnocentrism may be overt or subtle, and while it is considered a natural proclivity of human psychology, it has developed a generally negative connotation.[3]

    Origins of the concept and its study

    William G. Sumner coined the term "ethnocentrism" upon observing the tendency for people to differentiate between the in-group and others. He defined it as "the technical name for the view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it."[4] He further characterized it as often leading to pride, vanity, beliefs of one's own group's superiority, and contempt of outsiders.[5] Robert K. Merton comments that Sumner's additional characterization robbed the concept of some analytical power because, Merton argues, centrality and superiority are often correlated, but need to be kept analytically distinct.[4]
    Anthropologists such as Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski argued that any human science had to transcend the ethnocentrism of the scientist. Both urged anthropologists to conduct ethnographic fieldwork in order to overcome their ethnocentrism. Boas developed the principle of cultural relativism and Malinowski developed the theory of functionalism as guides for producing non-ethnocentric studies of different cultures. Classic examples of anti-ethnocentric anthropology include Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), Malinowski's The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia (1929), and Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture (1934). (Mead and Benedict were two of Boas's students.)

    Anthropology

    People born into a particular culture that grow up absorbing the values and behaviors of the culture will develop a worldview that considers their culture to be the norm.[6] If people then experience other cultures that have different values and normal behaviors, they will find that the thought patterns appropriate to their birth culture and the meanings their birth culture attaches to behaviors are not appropriate for the new cultures. However, since people are accustomed to their birth culture, it can be difficult for them to see the behaviors of people from a different culture from the viewpoint of that culture rather than from their own.[7]
    Examples of ethnocentrism include religiocentric constructs claiming a divine association like "divine nation", "One Nation under God", "God's Own Country", "God's Chosen People", and "God's Promised Land".[8]
    In Precarious Life, Judith Butler discusses recognizing the Other in order to sustain the Self and the problems of not being able to identify the Other. Butler writes:
    [I]dentification always relies upon a difference that it seeks to overcome, and that its aim is accomplished only by reintroducing the difference it claims to have vanquished. The one with whom I identify is not me, and that "not being me" is the condition of the identification. Otherwise, as Jacqueline Rose reminds us, identification collapses into identity, which spells the death of identification itself.[9]

    Biology and evolutionary theory

    A 2011 paper in PNAS suggested that ethnocentrism may be mediated by the oxytocin hormone. It found that in randomized controlled trials "oxytocin creates intergroup bias because oxytocin motivates in-group favoritism and, to a lesser extent, out-group derogation".[10]
    In The Selfish Gene, evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins writes that "Blood-feuds and inter-clan warfare are easily interpretable in terms of Hamilton's genetic theory."[11] Simulation-based experiments in evolutionary game theory have attempted to provide an explanation for the selection of ethnocentric-strategy phenotypes.[12]

    See also

    References

    1. John T. Omohundro (2008). Thinking like an Anthropologist: A practical introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Mc Graw Hill. ISBN 0-07-319580-4.
    2. Margaret L. Andersen, Howard Francis Taylor (2006). Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-61716-6.
    3. Shimp, Terence. Sharma, Shubhash. "Consumer Ethnocentrism: Construction and Validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research. 24 (3). Aug 1987. 280-289.
    4. Robert King Merton (1996). Piotr Sztompka, ed. On social structure and science. University of Chicago Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-226-52070-4.
    5. Sumner, W. G. Folkways. New York: Ginn, 1906.
    6. Stanley S. Seidner, Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective. Bruxelles: Centre de recherche sur le pluralinguisme, 1982.
    7. Seidner, Ethnicity, Language, and Power.....
    8. William A. Haviland; Harald E. L. Prins; Dana Walrath; Bunny McBride (2009). The Essence of Anthropology. Cengage Learning. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-495-59981-4.
    9. Butler, Judith (2004). Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. New York: Verso. pp. 145–146. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
    10. De Dreu, Carsten K. W., "Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Jan. 10, 2011.
    11. Richard Dawkins (2006). The selfish gene. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-19-929115-1.
    12. Hammond, R. A.; Axelrod, R. (2006). "The Evolution of Ethnocentrism". Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (6): 926–936. doi:10.1177/0022002706293470. edit

    Further reading

    • Ankerl, G. Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU PRESS, 2000, ISBN 2-88155-004-5
    • Reynolds, V., Falger, V., & Vine, I. (Eds.) (1987). The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
    • Salter, F. K., ed. 2002. Risky Transactions. Trust, Kinship, and Ethnicity. Oxford and New York: Berghahn.
    • Seidner, S. S. (1982). Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective. Bruxelles: Centre de recherche sur le pluralinguisme.
    • van den Berghe, P. L. (1981). The ethnic phenomenon. Westport, CT: Praeger.
    • Martineau, H. (1838). "How to Observe Morals and manners". Charles Knight and Co., London.
    • Wade, Nicholas, "Depth of the Kindness Hormone Appears to Know Some Bounds," New York Times, Jan. 10, 2011.

    External links

    This page was last modified on 11 October 2014 at 02:36.
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  3. Ethnocentrism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    And so, when any culture tries to view what is happening elsewhere through their values and mores, thousands to millions of people die because people have completely different values and mores around the world. And what is important to one culture is not important to another culture and millions often die when this happens when disagreements are that strong between diverse cultures like is happening right now between Putin and the Western World.

    You might have thought I was going to say: "ISIS" but to be realistic Putin caused ISIS by keeping Assad in power. So, one can directly or indirectly attribute the existence of ISIS to Putin.

    And Putin's philosophy as strange as this might sound greatly resembles the philosophy of a bigoted most conservative Republican from the South of the United States in the 1950s.

    The only real difference would be that Russia is the place he is loyal to and would think nothing of killing every man, woman and child in the U.S. at this point with a nuke if he could to get his way.

    But, that's the rub. He can't. If he did that it would literally be the end of Earth itself and everything on earth would die because of doomsday weapons.

    4.  
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