Since I couldn't seem to load my comments at the end without destroying other articles by printing over them I will put my end comments at the beginning to see if that works better:
Not being a trained Geophysicist I had trouble deciphering what they were saying in the abstract below. for example:
Not being a trained Geophysicist I had trouble deciphering what they were saying in the abstract below. for example:
Magnetic declination
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Magnetic declination is the angle between magnetic north (the direction the north end of a compass needle points) and true north. The declination is positive when the magnetic north is east of true north. The term magnetic variation is a synonym, and is more often used in navigation. Isogonic lines are where the declination has the same value, and the lines where the declination is zero are called agonic lines.Somewhat more formally, Bowditch defines variation as “the angle between the magnetic and geographic meridians at any place, expressed in degrees and minutes east or west to indicate the direction of magnetic north from true north. The angle between magnetic and grid meridians is called grid magnetic angle, grid variation, or grivation. Called magnetic variation when a distinction is needed to prevent possible ambiguity. Also called magnetic declination.” [1] and second
Orbital inclination
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Inclination)
For the science fiction novella by William Shunn, see Inclination (novella).
Inclination in general is the angle between a reference plane and another plane or axis of direction.Contents[hide] |
[edit] Orbits
The inclination is one of the six orbital parameters describing the shape and orientation of a celestial orbit. It is the angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of reference (usually the primary's equator or the ecliptic), normally stated in degrees.[1]In the Solar System, the inclination of the orbit of a planet is defined as the angle between the plane of the orbit of the planet and the ecliptic — which is the plane containing Earth's orbital path.[2] It could be measured with respect to another plane, such as the Sun's equator or even Jupiter's orbital plane, but the ecliptic is more practical for Earth-bound observers. Most planetary orbits in the Solar System have relatively small inclinations, both in relation to each other and to the Sun's equator. There are notable exceptions in the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris, which have inclinations to the ecliptic of 17 degrees and 44 degrees respectively, and the large asteroid Pallas, which is inclined at 34 degrees.
Inclination | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Inclination to ecliptic |
Inclination to Sun's equator |
Inclination to invariable plane[3] |
||||||||
Terrestrials | Mercury | 7.01° | 3.38° | 6.34° | |||||||
Venus | 3.39° | 3.86° | 2.19° | ||||||||
Earth | 0° | 7.155° | 1.57° | ||||||||
Mars | 1.85° | 5.65° | 1.67° | ||||||||
Gas giants | Jupiter | 1.31° | 6.09° | 0.32° | |||||||
Saturn | 2.49° | 5.51° | 0.93° | ||||||||
Uranus | 0.77° | 6.48° | 1.02° | ||||||||
Neptune | 1.77° | 6.43° | 0.72° |
begin quote from:
http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2003JB002943.shtml
Abstract
Cited By (20)
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,
VOL. 110,
B04101,
15 PP., 2005
doi:10.1029/2003JB002943
doi:10.1029/2003JB002943
Deep-sea sediment records of the Laschamp geomagnetic field excursion (∼41,000 calendar years before present)
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota at Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
We have recovered two new high-resolution
paleomagnetic records of the Laschamp Excursion (∼41,000 calendar years
B.P.) from
deep-sea sediments of the western North Atlantic
Ocean. The records document that the Laschamp Excursion was
characterized
locally by (1) declination changes of ±120°, (2)
inclination changes of more than 140°, (3) ∼1200-year oscillations in
both
inclination and declination, (4) near 90°
out-of-phase relationships between inclinations and declinations that
produced two
clockwise loops in directions and virtual
geomagnetic poles (VGPs) followed by a counterclockwise loop, (5)
excursional VGPs
during both intervals of clockwise looping, (6)
magnetic field intensities less than 10% of normal that persisted for
almost
2000 years, (7) marked similarity in excursional
directions over ∼5000 km spatial scale length, and (8) secular variation
rates comparable to historic field behavior but
persisting in sign for hundreds of years. All of these features, with
the
exception of anomalously large directional
amplitude, are consistent with normal magnetic field secular variation.
Comparison
of our Laschamp Excursion paleomagnetic records
with other late Quaternary excursion records suggests that there is a
group
of excursions, which we term class I, which have
strikingly similar patterns of field behavior and likely share a common
cause
as part of the overall core dynamo process. Three
general models of secular variation are described that can qualitatively
produce class I excursions. On the basis of these
observations we conclude that class I excursions, epitomized by the
Laschamp
Excursion, are more closely related to normal
secular variation and are not necessarily a prelude to magnetic field
reversal.
Received 16
December
2003;
accepted 26
October
2004;
published 2
April
2005.
Citation:
(2005),
Deep-sea sediment records of the Laschamp geomagnetic field excursion (∼41,000 calendar years before present),
J. Geophys. Res.,
110,
B04101,
doi:10.1029/2003JB002943.
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