For the most up to date as of today Feb. 11th 2017 from Wikipedia or whenever you read this click on one of word buttons 2 or 3 lines down.
begin quote from:
- The European migrant crisis, or less precisely European refugee crisis, began in 2015 when rising numbers of illegal immigrants arrived in the European Union ...
- This is a timeline of notable events related to the European migrant crisis. Contents. [hide]. 1 Before 2015. 1.1 2004; 1.2 2007; 1.3 2008; 1.4 2009; 1.5 2011 ; 1.6 ...
European migrant crisis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The European migrant crisis arose through the rising number of migrant arrivals in 2015 – a combination of economic migrants and refugees – to the European Union (EU) coming across the Mediterranean Sea and Southeast Europe from areas such as Africa, and the Middle East.
The term has been used since April 2015,[1] when at least five boats carrying almost two thousand migrants to Europe sank in the Mediterranean Sea, with a combined death toll estimated at more than 1,200 people.
The shipwrecks took place in a context of ongoing conflicts in several North African and Middle Eastern countries as well as the refusal by several European Union governments to fund the Italian-run rescue option Operation Mare Nostrum, which was replaced by Frontex's Operation Triton in November 2014. On 23 April 2015, EU governments agreed to triple funding for border patrol operations in the Mediterranean so that they would be equal to the previous capabilities of Operation Mare Nostrum, but Amnesty International immediately criticized the EU's decision not "to extend Triton's operational area" to the area previously covered by Mare Nostrum.[2] Some weeks later, the European Union decided to launch a new operation based in Rome, called EU Navfor Med, under the command of the Italian Admiral Enrico Credendino.[3]
In 2014, EU member states received 132,405 requests from migrants. In total, 23,295 requests were accepted so these migrants will receive some form of protection by the EU (asylum, refugee status, subsidiary protection, protection because of humanitarian reasons), while 109,110 requests were rejected[4] so these migrants will be required to leave the territory of the European Union. According to Eurostat, four states – Germany, Italy, France, and Sweden – take around two-thirds of the EU's asylum applications;[5] while analysis of United Nations and World Bank data indicates Hungary, Austria, and Sweden, together with Serbia and Kosovo, to be among the top recipients of EU asylum seekers per capita, when adjusted for their own populations.[6]
The term has been used since April 2015,[1] when at least five boats carrying almost two thousand migrants to Europe sank in the Mediterranean Sea, with a combined death toll estimated at more than 1,200 people.
The shipwrecks took place in a context of ongoing conflicts in several North African and Middle Eastern countries as well as the refusal by several European Union governments to fund the Italian-run rescue option Operation Mare Nostrum, which was replaced by Frontex's Operation Triton in November 2014. On 23 April 2015, EU governments agreed to triple funding for border patrol operations in the Mediterranean so that they would be equal to the previous capabilities of Operation Mare Nostrum, but Amnesty International immediately criticized the EU's decision not "to extend Triton's operational area" to the area previously covered by Mare Nostrum.[2] Some weeks later, the European Union decided to launch a new operation based in Rome, called EU Navfor Med, under the command of the Italian Admiral Enrico Credendino.[3]
In 2014, EU member states received 132,405 requests from migrants. In total, 23,295 requests were accepted so these migrants will receive some form of protection by the EU (asylum, refugee status, subsidiary protection, protection because of humanitarian reasons), while 109,110 requests were rejected[4] so these migrants will be required to leave the territory of the European Union. According to Eurostat, four states – Germany, Italy, France, and Sweden – take around two-thirds of the EU's asylum applications;[5] while analysis of United Nations and World Bank data indicates Hungary, Austria, and Sweden, together with Serbia and Kosovo, to be among the top recipients of EU asylum seekers per capita, when adjusted for their own populations.[6]
Contents
Background
Main articles: Syrian Civil War, 2011 military intervention in Libya, Operation Mare Nostrum and Operation Triton
Between 2007 and 2011, large numbers of illegal immigrants from the Middle East and Africa crossed between Turkey and Greece, leading Greece and the European Border Protection agency Frontex to upgrade border controls.[7]
In 2012, immigrant influx into Greece by land decreased by 95% after
the construction of a fence on that part of the Greek–Turkish frontier
which does not follow the course of the river Marica (Evros).[8] In 2015, Bulgaria followed by upgrading a border fence to prevent migrant flows through Turkey.[9][10] In particular, a flare-up of conflict in Libya in the aftermath of the civil war there has contributed to an escalation of departures from that country.The 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck involved "more than 360" deaths, leading the Italian government to establish Operation Mare Nostrum, a large-scale naval operation that involved search and rescue, with some migrants brought aboard a naval amphibious assault ship.[11] In 2014, the Italian government ended the operation, citing costs to be too large for one EU state alone to manage; Frontex assumed the main responsibility for search and rescue operations. The Frontex operation is called Operation Triton.[12] The Italian government had requested additional funds from the EU to continue the operation but member states did not offer the requested support.[13] The UK government cited fears that the operation was acting as "an unintended 'pull factor', encouraging more migrants to attempt the dangerous sea crossing and thereby leading to more tragic and unnecessary deaths".[14] The operation consists of two surveillance aircraft and three ships, with seven teams of staff who gather intelligence and conduct screening/identification processing. Its monthly budget is estimated at €2.9 million.[12]
Motivations
Ascertaining motivation is complex, but many (62% according to a July 2015 United Nations estimate) of the migrants are war refugees, fleeing countries including Syria, Eritrea, and Afghanistan.[15] Migrants from sub-Saharan Africa are more likely to be fleeing desperate poverty and lack of jobs, many of them hoping for a better lifestyle and job offers.[16]Migration
Statistics
| Migrants crossing EU sea borders in 2014 by nationality[17] |
|
|---|---|
| Syria | 66,698 |
| Eritrea | 34,323 |
| Unspecified sub-Saharan nationals | 26,341 |
| Afghanistan | 12,687 |
| Mali | 9,789 |
| Gambia | 8,642 |
| Nigeria | 8,490 |
| Somalia | 7,440 |
| Palestine | 6,418 |
| Senegal | 4,769 |
| Morocco | 116[18] |
| Others | 34,597 |
| Total | 220,194 |
In 2014, 283,532 migrants irregularly entered the European Union, mainly following the Central Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Balkan routes.[19][20][21] 220,194 migrants crossed EU sea borders in the Central, Eastern and Western Mediterranean (a 266% increase compared to 2013). Half of them had come from Syria, Eritrea and Afghanistan.[17]
In 2014, 170,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea, a 296% increase compared to 2013. 141,484 of the travelers ferried from Libya.[22] The migrants had come from Syria (42,323), Eritrea (34,329), Mali (9,908), Nigeria (9,000), Gambia (8,691), Somalia (5,756), and other areas (4,095).[23] 64,625 applied for asylum.[24]
Between 1 January and 3 March 2015, 7,882 migrants arrived in Italy by sea, a +40.5% increase compared to the same period in 2014. 7,257 of the travelers ferried from Libya. Most of them had come from the Horn of Africa (1,088 from Somalia, 817 from Eritrea), West Africa (969 from Gambia, 919 from Senegal, 725 from Mali, 463 from Nigeria, 282 from Ivory Coast, 173 from Guinea) and Syria (920).[25]
As of 17 April, the total number of migrants reaching the Italian coasts is 21,191 since 1 January 2015, with a decrease during the month of March due to bad weather conditions, and a surge since 10 April, bringing the total number of arrivals in line with the number recorded in the same period in 2014. However, the death toll in the first four months of 2014 was 96, compared with 500 in the same period in 2015; this number excludes victims of the devastating shipwrecks on 13 and 19 April.[26][27]
By early June The Guardian reported that over 50,000 such migrants had already arrived in EU countries.[28] According to the UNHCR, 137,000 refugees crossed the Mediterranean into Europe in the first six months of 2015.[29] In early August, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees said that 250,000 migrants had arrived in Europe by sea so far in 2015, 124,000 in Greece and 98,000 in Italy.[30] July set a new record for a single month, with 107,500 migrants estimated to have entered the EU,[31] and, by August, a spokesperson for the European Commission called the situation "beyond urgent", and said said that a "collective European response" was required to deal with the hundreds of thousands of people trying to reach European shores.[30][32]
Migrant routes
As of August 2015, Frontex recognizes the following general routes on sea and on land used by illegal migrants and human traffickers to enter the EU:[33]
Irish Naval Service personnel rescuing migrants from an overcrowded boat as part of Operation Triton, June 2015.
- the Western African route
- the Western Mediterranean route
- the Central Mediterranean route
- the Apulia and Calabria route
- the circular route from Albania to Greece
- the Western Balkan route (from Greece through Macedonia and Serbia to Hungary)
- the Eastern Mediterranean route
- the Eastern Borders route
Lampedusa (Italy)
Main article: Lampedusa immigrant reception center
Location of Lampedusa
In July 2013, Pope Francis visited the island on his first official visit outside of Rome. He prayed for migrants, living and dead, and denounced their traffickers.[36] In October 2013, the 2013 Lampedusa disaster occurred; a boat carrying over 500 migrants, mostly from Eritrea and Somalia, sank off the coast of Lampedusa with the deaths of at least 300 people.[37][38]
In 2014, 170,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea, a 296% increase compared to 2013. 141,484 of the travelers ferried over from Libya. Most of the migrants had come from Syria, Eritrea and various countries in West Africa.[39]
From January to April 2015, about 1600 migrants died on the route from Libya to Lampedusa, making it the deadliest migrant route in the world.[40]
Greece
The island groups of the Aegean Sea.
Frontex's Operation Poseidon, aimed at patrolling the Aegean, is badly underfunded and undermanned, with only 11 coastal patrol vessels, one ship, two helicopters, two aircraft and a budget of €18 million.[44]
Human traffickers charge illegal immigrants $1000 to $1,500 for the 25-minute boat ride from Bodrum, Turkey to Kos.[32] In August "hundreds" of boats made the crossing carrying illegal immigrants every night.[32] The refugees, predominately middle-class[dubious ] Syrians equipped with cell phones and detailed knowledge of illegal routes across Europe, travel onward to Salonika and estimate that it will cost them €3,000 to €4,000 to reach Germany, and €10,000 or €12,000 to reach Britain.[32] Desperate migrants have fought brawls over places in boats leaving Bodrum for Kos.[45]
Hungary
Main article: Hungary–Serbia barrier
On 17 June 2015, the Hungarian government announced the construction of a 4-metre-high (13 ft), 175-kilometre-long (109 mi) fence along its southern border with Serbia.[47][48] The European Commission has responded to a Hungarian scheme to erect a fence on the border with Serbia by warning EU members against steps that contravene EU obligations and urging members like Hungary to find other ways to cope with an inflow of illegal migrants.[49] Nevertheless, Hungary rapidly continues to build a fence. Prime Minister Viktor Orbán announced that it will be fully completed by the end of 2015.[50]
On 3 September 2015, Hungary's prime minister Viktor Orbán defended the country's management of the migrant situation internally, notwithstanding chaos at Budapest's main international rail station, while criticising Germany and Europe overall for not dissuading migrants from entering Europe.[51]
Croatia
Croatia, an EU member state, shares land border with Serbia, therefore there is a risk of strong inflow of migrants from Serbia considering that Hungary erected a fence on its border with Serbia. Nearly 80% of the border consist of Danube river, but the problem is 70 kilometers long so-called "Green Border" near Tovarnik. According to the Croatian Minister of Interior Ranko Ostojić "police in the area has enough people and equipment to protect Croatian border against illegal immigrants".[52] Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović and First Deputy Prime Minister Vesna Pusić rejected option of building a fence on Croatian border with Serbia.[53][54]Austria
On 27 August 2015, 71 migrants were found dead in an unventilated food truck near Vienna. As an official response to this tragedy, on 31 August 2015, Austria began inspections of vehicles for smuggled immigrants entering from across the border with Hungary, leading to vehicular backups of 19 km (12 mi) and trains stalled for hours.[55]Melilla and Ceuta (Spain/Morocco)
Main articles: Melilla border fence and Ceuta border fence
Calais (France)
Main articles: Migrants around Calais and Calais jungle
During summer 2015, at least nine people have died in attempts to
reach England, including falling from, or being hit by trains, and
drowning in a canal at the Eurotunnel entrance.[57]Malta
Main article: Demographics of Malta § Immigration
Between 2008 and 2012 Malta received, on average, the highest number of asylum seekers compared to its national population: 21.7 applicants per 1,000 inhabitants.[58] In 2011, most of these asylum applications were submitted by nationals of Somalia, Nigeria, Eritrea and Syria.[59] In 2012, more than half of the requests were by Somalian nationals alone.[60]Incidents
Main articles: List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea and List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe
Several serious accidents and deaths have occurred in Europe as a
result of human trafficking involving migrants. Standard cargo trucks
are normally used, increasing the severity of accidents when they occur.Reactions
European Union
The European Parliament has voted in favour of a migrant quota system to make sure that asylum seekers are distributed more equally across member states.[61]
Further information: EU Navfor Med
On 19 April, Italy's Premier Matteo Renzi returned to Rome from a political event he had been attending in Mantua and met his top ministers. Renzi subsequently spoke by telephone to French President François Hollande and to Maltese Prime Minister Joseph Muscat.[62][63]
They agreed to call for an emergency meeting of European interior
ministers to address the problem of migrant deaths. Renzi condemned
human trafficking as a "new slave trade"[64]
while Prime Minister Muscat said 19 April shipwreck was the "biggest
human tragedy of the last few years". Hollande described people
traffickers as "terrorists" who put migrant lives at risk. The German government's representative for migration, refugees and integration, Aydan Özoğuz,
said that with more arrivals likely to arrive as the weather turned
warmer, emergency rescue missions should be restored. "It was an
illusion to think that cutting off Mare Nostrum would prevent people from attempting this dangerous voyage across the Mediterranean", she said.[65][66][67][67] Federica Mogherini called for collective EU action ahead of a meeting in Luxembourg on Monday 20 April.[68][69]In a press conference, Matteo Renzi confirmed that Italy had called an "extraordinary European council" meeting as soon as possible to discuss the tragedy,[70] various European leaders agreed with this idea.[71][72] On 19 April, British politician Nigel Farage called for the United Kingdom to offer refuge to Christians from Libya blaming David Cameron and Nicolas Sarkozy for the drowning of the migrants off of Italy. He stated that the exodus from the country had been caused by western intervention, approved by Cameron and Sarkozy, in the civil war in Libya.[73] Cameron tweeted on 20 April that he "supported" Renzi's "call for an emergency meeting of EU leaders to find a comprehensive solution" to the migrant crisis in the Mediterranean.[74] He later confirmed that he would attend an emergency summit of European leaders on Thursday.[75]
On 20 April the European Commission proposed a 10-point plan:[76]
- Reinforce the Joint Operations in the Mediterranean, namely Triton and Poseidon, by increasing the financial resources and the number of assets. We will also extend their operational area, allowing us to intervene further, within the mandate of Frontex;
- A systematic effort to capture and destroy vessels used by the smugglers. The positive results obtained with the Atalanta operation should inspire us to similar operations against smugglers in the Mediterranean;
- Europol, Frontex, EASO and Eurojust will meet regularly and work closely to gather information on smugglers modus operandi, to trace their funds and to assist in their investigation;
- EASO to deploy teams in Italy and Greece for joint processing of asylum applications;
- Member States to ensure fingerprinting of all migrants;
- Consider options for an emergency relocation mechanism;
- A EU wide voluntary pilot project on resettlement, offering a number of places to persons in need of protection;
- Establish a new return programme for rapid return of irregular migrants coordinated by Frontex from frontline Member States;
- Engagement with countries surrounding Libya through a joined effort between the Commission and the EEAS; Initiatives in Niger have to be stepped up.
- Deploy Immigration Liaison Officers (ILO) in key third countries, to gather intelligence on migratory flows and strengthen the role of the EU Delegations.
On 23 April, a five-hour emergency summit was held and EU heads of state agreed to triple the budget of Operation Triton to €120 million for 2015–2016.[79] EU leaders claimed that this would allow for the same operational capabilities as Operation Mare Nostrum had had in 2013–2014. As part of the agreement the United Kingdom agreed to send HMS Bulwark, two naval patrol boats and three helicopters to join the Operation.[79] On 5 May 2015 it was announced by the Irish Minister of Defence Simon Coveney that the LÉ Eithne would also take part in the response to the crisis.[80] Amnesty International immediately criticized the EU response as "a face-saving not a life-saving operation" and said that "failure to extend Triton's operational area will fatally undermine today's commitment".[2]
Partial suspension of the Dublin Regulation
Main article: Dublin Regulation
Under the Dublin Regulation, if a person that had filed for asylum in
one EU country illegally crosses borders to another country, they shall
be returned to the former. During the 2015 European migrant crisis,
Hungary became overburdened by asylum applications to the point that it
stopped on 23 June 2015 receiving back its applicants who later crossed
the borders to other EU countries and were detained there.[81]
On 24 August 2015, Germany decided to suspend the Dublin Regulation as
regards Syrian refugees and to process their asylum applications
directly itself.[82]
On 2 September 2015, the Czech Republic also decided to defy the Dublin
Regulation and to offer Syrian refugees who have already applied for
asylum in other EU countries and who reach the country to either have
their application processed in the Czech Republic (i.e. get asylum
there) or to continue their journey elsewhere.[83]Effect on individual member states
Austria – On August 6, 2015, Amnesty International Secretary General Heinz Patzelt inspected the refugee camp Bundesbetreuungsstelle in Traiskirchen
where more than 4,800 refugees are housed while nearly 1500 of them are
sleeping outdoors. Medical expert Siroos Mirzaei from Amnesty
International noted that the people had to wait for days in order to get
medical help. The report also states that only four doctors are present
at the refugee camp. Showers and toilets are in dreadful condition.
Mirzaei speaks about "floating excrement". According to Patzelt,
"Austria is currently violating human rights and should focus on
unattended children and minors".[84]
Bulgaria
– Bulgaria built a fence along its border with Turkey to prevent
migrants from crossing through its territory in order to reach other EU
countries. The fence is equipped with infrared cameras, motion sensors,
wire and is monitored by the army.[85][86]
Croatia
– Croatia will receive 550 migrants in the next two years according to
the EU plan; 400 that are currently in Italy and Greece, and 150 that
are currently outside the EU. Croatia was originally supposed to receive
505 migrants, but decided to accept more which makes it the only
country in the EU, along with Estonia, which has done that.[87] On August 29, 2015 Croatian daily newspaper Jutarnji list
published an interview with "senior government official" who said that
Croatian Government formed an interdepartmental working group that is
working on a plan on how to accept these 550 migrants. Croatia will in
October 2015 send its delegation to the migrants camps in Italy and
Greece, which will choose immigrants from Syria and Eritrea that Croatia
will accept. Criteria for the selection will be: 1. any kind of
connection to Croatia, such as family in Croatia or diploma from one of
the Croatian Universities (while Croatia was member of Yugoslavia, many foreigners from Non-Aligned Movement
countries, especially Syrians, were coming to Croatia to study), 2.
education in occupations that are in demand in Croatia, and 3. families
with small children.[88]
In addition, Croatia shares land border with Serbia, therefore there is
a risk of strong inflow of migrants from Serbia considering that
Hungary erected a fence on its border with Serbia. Nearly 80% of the
border consist of Danube river, but the problem is 70 kilometers long
so-called "Green Border" near Tovarnik. According to the Croatian Minister of Interior Ranko Ostojić "police in the area has enough people and equipment to protect Croatian border against illegal immigrants".[89] Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović and First Deputy Prime Minister Vesna Pusić rejected option of building a fence on Croatian border with Serbia.[90][91]
Czech Republic – Czech President Miloš Zeman
has expressed his dissatisfaction with the mass inflow of migrants to
Europe on several occasions. In late August 2015 in an interview for
radio "Frekvence 1" he said: "The reception of migrants from the Middle
East and Northern Africa to the territory of the Czech Republic brings
with it three major risks – spread of infectious diseases, terrorism of
the Islamic state and the creation of new ghettos." According to his
opinion the majority of refugees are actually economic migrants that are
not fleeing war. President Zeman divided migrants into two categories –
1. about 15,000 of them that will be received in the next two years by
the Czech Republic according to the EU plan, 2. all others that are
staying in the country illegally, among which are some that break Czech
laws so they should, as President believes, be deported. President also
thinks that migrants that are crossing territory of the Czech Republic
in order to go to Germany will stay in Czech Republic when Germany
eventually stops to accept them, "which would then make Czech Republic
to defend its boundaries with the police and army".
Germany
– German opposition to the government's admission of the new wave of
migrants has been an increasingly tense political debate, coupled with a
rise in anti-immigration protests.[92] Pegida,
an anti-immigration movement flourished briefly in late 2014, followed
by a new wave of anti-immigration protests in the late summer of 2015.[93]
Hungary
– Hungary has finished construction of a fence on its southern border
with Serbia in late August 2015, according to the Hungarian Ministry of
Defence. The fence consists of three strands of NATO razor wire, and is
175 kilometers long. The next phase involves construction of a wire
fence which will be approximately 4 meters high. In August, describing
Hungary as, "under siege from human traffickers", Minister of the Prime
Minister's Office János Lázár
announces that the government would, "defend this stretch of our
borders with force", deploying 9,000 police to keep illegal migrants
out.[94]
Italy – Some Italian towns and cities have refused instructions from the national government to house migrants.[95]
Latvia – Latvia decided to receive 250 migrants in the next two years according to the EU plan. National Alliance party expressed its disapproval of such decision. On August 4, 2015 around 250 activists gathered in Riga on a protest against Government's decision on receiving migrants.
Lithuania
– Lithuania decided to receive 325 migrants, although after increase of
migrant flow in August of 2015, it's government didn't discounted
possibility of accepting greater number of migrants later of the same
year.[96]
Poland
– Government officials claim the country is ready to take 2,000
refugees. German authorities criticized Poland for slow and unwilling
cooperation in this case.
Portugal
– In the next two years, Portugal is willing to offer shelter to 1,500
of the refugees flooding into Europe from the Mediterranean Sea. A
source has told Diário de Notícias that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
has already presented its counter-proposal to the European Commission
(EC), which wanted Portugal to absorb 2,400 refugees.[97]
Slovakia
– Government of Slovakia stated that it would help with migration into
Europe by receiving 200 migrants according to the EU plan, but on
condition that the migrants are Christians.[98] Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico
said: "I have only one question: who bombed Libya? Who caused problems
in North Africa? Slovakia? No!" Prime Minister proposed temporary refuge
in his country for 500 migrants who have submitted requests for aslyum
in Austria, whose accommodation for refugees is overfilled, but as for
200 migrants that Slovakia will receive according to the EU plan,
requires that these 500 are Christians as well.
International
The Russian Federation released an official statement 2 September 2015 that the United Nations Security Council was discussing a draft resolution to address the European migrant crisis, likely by permitting the inspection of suspected migrant ships.[99]The International Organization for Migration says that deaths at sea have increased ninefold after the end of Operation Mare Nostrum.[100] Amnesty International condemned European governments for "negligence towards the humanitarian crisis in the Mediterranean" which they say has led to an increase in deaths at sea.
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have criticised the funding of search and rescue operations. Amnesty International says that the EU is "turning its back on its responsibilities and clearly threatening thousands of lives".[101][102]
Pope Francis expressed his concern about the loss of life and urged EU leaders to "act decisively and quickly to stop these tragedies from recurring".[103]
Australian PM Tony Abbott said the tragedies were "worsened by Europe's refusal to learn from its own mistakes and from the efforts of others who have handled similar problems. Destroying the criminal people-smugglers was the centre of gravity of our border control policies, and judicious boat turnbacks was the key."[104]
Political debate
- Christian Democratic Union of Germany – On 31 August 2015, according to The New York Times, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, in some of her strongest language theretofore on the immigrant crisis, warned that freedom of travel and open borders among the 28 member states of the EU could be jeopardised if they did not agree on a shared response to this crisis.[55]
- The Republicans (France) – Nicolas Sarkozy compared EU migrant plan to "fixing a burst water pipe with water".[105]
- Democratic Party (Italy) – Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi said the EU should forge a single European policy on asylum.[106]
- Socialist Party (France) – French Prime Minister Manuel Valls stated, "There must be close cooperation between the European Commission and member states as well as candidate members." [107]
- According to The Wall Street Journal, the appeal of Eurosceptic politicians has increased.[98]
See also
References
External links
- List of migrant deaths grows after boat capsizes off Libya
- Libici contro una nave italiana Spari in mare, rubato barcone Testimoni: "Nel naufragio 400 morti" (Italian)
- Mediterranean migrants: Details emerge of deadly capsize (BBC News)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
- "Analisi: Paolo Gentiloni". Pagella Politica (in Italian). 22 February 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- Cataldi, Benedetto (14 August 2002). "Italian Indians". BBC.
You hear of the tragedies that take place on the ships off the Italian coast and there are some Indians in these, there have been tragedies involving Indians.
- "Witness: Boat migrants used bottles to stay afloat". USA Today. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- "'Dozens feared dead' off Lampedusa as migrant boat capsizes". BBC. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- "Hundreds more migrants reach Italy from Africa". Reuters. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- "Sbarchi al 2 marzo 2015". ISMU. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- "Italian navy rescues Pakistani migrants from boats". Reuters. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- "Lampedusa and Immigration at the Mediterranean: Tragedies, Dilemmas and International Conflicts. A Crossroad for Europe.". Festival d'Europa. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- "Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum?". BBC. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- "Updated: Italy rescues 1,500 migrants off Libyan coast, pregnant migrant brought to Malta". Malta Today. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- "Italy blocks ferry of Moroccans fleeing Libya". BBC. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
|date=, |accessdate= (help)
No comments:
Post a Comment