Wikipedia: Timeline of Historical Inventions

Timeline of historic inventions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Issues[hide] This article has been shortened from a longer article which misused sources. Details of the earlier versions may be found in the page's history. Please help us to rebuild the article properly. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (May 2011)

The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg is widely regarded as the most influential event of the modern era.^[1]

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.
Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a more practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first known working version of the invention is used here.

History of technology
By technological eras
Neolithic Revolution Renaissance Technology British Agricultural Revolution Market Revolution First Industrial Revolution Industrial Age Second Industrial Revolution Atomic Age Jet Age Space Age Digital Revolution Information Age
By historical regions
Ancient Egypt Ancient India Ancient China Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Byzantine Empire Medieval Europe Medieval Islamic world
By type of technology
History of biotechnology History of communication History of computer hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport
Technology timelines
Timeline of historic inventions Complete list
Outlines
Outline of technology Outline of prehistoric technology
v t e

Contents

• 1 Prehistoric
• 2 1st millennium BC (BCE)
  • 2.1 7th century BC
  • 2.2 6th century BC
  • 2.3 5th century BC
  • 2.4 3rd century BC
  • 2.5 2nd century BC (BCE)
  • 2.6 1st century BC (BCE)
• 3 1st millennium AD (CE)
  • 3.1 1st century
  • 3.2 2nd century
  • 3.3 3rd century
  • 3.4 4th century
  • 3.5 5th century
  • 3.6 6th century
  • 3.7 7th century
  • 3.8 9th century
  • 3.9 10th century
• 4 2nd millennium
  • 4.1 11th century
  • 4.2 12th century
  • 4.3 13th century
  • 4.4 14th century
  • 4.5 15th century
  • 4.6 16th century
  • 4.7 17th century
  • 4.8 18th century
  • 4.9 19th century
    • 4.9.1 1800s
    • 4.9.2 1820s
    • 4.9.3 1830s
    • 4.9.4 1870s
    • 4.9.5 1880s
  • 4.10 20th century
    • 4.10.1 1910s
    • 4.10.2 1920s
    • 4.10.3 1940s
    • 4.10.4 1950s
    • 4.10.5 1970s
    • 4.10.6 1980s
    • 4.10.7 1990s
• 5 See also
• 6 Footnotes
• 7 References
• 8 External links

Prehistoric

Further information: Outline of prehistoric technology

Note that the dates in the Paleolithic era are approximate and refer to the earliest discovered use of an invention, and may change as new research is created and older sites are found.

• 1.8 million years ago: Fire and then cooking ^[2]
• 500 thousand years ago (ka): Shelter construction^[3]
• 400 ka: Pigments in Zambia^[4]
• 400 ka: Spears in Germany^[5]
• 200 ka: Glue in Italy^[6]
• 160–40 ka: Burial^[7]
• 110 ka: Beads in Israel^[8]
• 77 ka: Bedding in South Africa^[9]
• 64 ka: Arrowhead in South Africa^[10]
• 61 ka: Sewing needle in South Africa^[10]
• 60 ka: Bow^[11]
• 36 ka: Cloth woven from flax fiber in Georgia^[12][13]
• 35 ka: Flute in Germany^[14]
• 28 ka: twisted rope^[15]
• 16 ka: Pottery in China^[16]
• 6000 BC: Kiln in Mesopotamia^[17]
• 5000 - 4500 BC: Lacquer in China^[18]
• 5000 - 4500 BC: Rowing oars in China.^[19][20]
• 3630 BC: Sericulture in China ^[21]
• 3500 BC: the Wheel^[22]
• 3000 BC: Cuneiform in Mesopotamia^[23]
• 3000 BC: Bronze in Mesopotamia^[24]
• 3000 BC: Papyrus in Egypt^[25][26]

1st millennium BC (BCE)

7th century BC

• mid-7th century BC: Two-masted ships (foresail) by Etruscans in Italy^[27]

6th century BC

With the Greco-Roman trispastos ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.^[28]

• c. 515 BC: Crane in Ancient Greece^[29]

5th century BC

• 5th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Celtiberian Spain^[30][31]
• 5th century BC: Cast iron in Ancient China: Confirmed by archaeological evidence, the earliest cast iron was developed in China by the early 5th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BC), the oldest specimens found in a tomb of Luhe County in Jiangsu province.^{[32][33][34][35][36]}
• 5th century BC: Crossbow in Ancient China and Ancient Greece: In Ancient China, the earliest evidence of bronze crossbow bolts dates as early as mid-5th century BC in Yutaishan, Hubei.^[37] In Ancient Greece, the terminus ante quem of the gastraphetes is 421 BC.^[38][39]
• 5th - 3rd century BC: Cupola furnace in Ancient China, built as early as the Warring States period (403–221 BC).^[40] During the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), cupola furnace were used to remelt most, if not all, iron smelted in the blast furnace.^[41][42]
• 5th - 4th century BC: Traction trebuchet in Ancient China between 5th - 4th century BC, appeared in the Mediterranean by the 6th century AD.^[43]
• Before 421 BC: Catapult in Ancient Greece (incl. Sicily)^[38][39]
• c. 480 BC: Spiral stairs (Temple A) in Selinunte, Sicily (see also List of ancient spiral stairs)^[44][45]
• 408–6 BC: Wheelbarrow in Attica, Ancient Greece^[46]

3rd century BC

An illustration depicting the papermaking process in Han Dynasty China.

• Early 3rd century BC: Canal lock (possibly pound lock) in Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt^[47][48][49]
• 3rd century BC: Valve Tower Sluice in Sri Lanka ^[50]
• 3rd century BC: Water wheel in Hellenistic kingdoms described by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BC)^[51]
• 3rd century BC:Blast furnace using Monsoon winds in Sri Lanka. Earliest example from the 3rd century BC, although most sites date from 1st millennium AD ^[52]
• 3rd - 2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han Dynasty.^[32][53]
• After 205 BC: Dry dock some time after Ptolemy IV (221–205 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt^[54]

2nd century BC (BCE)

The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.^[55] Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD).

• 2nd century BC: Finery forge in Han Dynasty China, finery forges were used to make wrought iron at least by the 2nd century BC in ancient China, based on the archaeological findings of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) site at Tieshengguo.^[56]
• 2nd century BC: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50 – AD 121) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.^[57]

1st century BC (BCE)

• 1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman Republic^[58][59]
• 1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)^{[60][61][62][63][64]}
• Before 71 BC (possibly 3rd century BC^[65][66][67]): Watermill (grain mill) by Greek engineers in Eastern Mediterranean (see also List of ancient watermills)^[68][69]

1st millennium AD (CE)

1st century

• 1st century: Buttress dam in Roman Empire^[70]

2nd century

• 132: Seismometer in Han Dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It was a large metal urn-shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device.^[71][72]
• 2nd century: Crankshaft in Augusta Raurica, Roman Empire^[73]
• 2nd century (or 1st century BC^[74]): Lateen sail in Roman Empire^[55][75][76]
• 2nd–3rd century: Arch-gravity dam (e.g. Puy Foradado Dam or Kasserine Dam) in Roman Empire^[77][78]

3rd century

Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.^[79][80][81]

• 3rd century: Celadon in Six Dynasties China, said to have been a widely used ceramic by the Three Kingdoms era (220–265), although shards have been recovered from Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD) excavations in Zhejiang^[82] and some historians argue that true celadon was not invented until the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127).^[83]
• Late 3rd century: Crank and connecting rod (Hierapolis sawmill) in Asia Minor, Roman Empire^[79][80][81]
• Late 3rd–early 4th century: Turbine in Africa (province), Roman Empire^[84][85][86]
• c. 300: Noria in Roman Empire^[87]

4th century

• 4th century: Field mill in Ancient China, first mentioned in the Yezhongji, or 'Record of Affairs at the Capital Ye of the Later Zhao Dynasty' written by Lu Hui in the 4th century, describing a field mill built by two engineers, Xie Fei and Wei Mengbian.^[88]
• 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China, in literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD^[89] work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals'.^[90]
• 4th–5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman Empire^[91]

5th century

• 5th century: Horse collar in Southern and Northern Dynasties China: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness was developed in Southern and Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century AD.^[92] The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499 AD.^[93]
• 5th/6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire^[94][95]

6th century

• 563: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire^[96]
• 589: Toilet paper in Sui Dynasty China, first mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531–591), with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties.^[97][98]

7th century

• 672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, was invented by Kallinikos, a Greek refugee to Constantinople, as described by Theophanes.^[99] However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,^[100] and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.^[101]

• 7th century: Banknote in Tang Dynasty China: The banknote was first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots were in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desired to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.^{[102][103][104]}

• 7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True porcelain was manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.^[105]

9th century

A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.

• 9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China: Gunpowder was, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality.^[106] Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907).^[107] The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder were written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).^{[108][109][110]}

• 9th century: Playing cards in Tang Dynasty China: The first reference to the card game in world history dates no later than the 9th century, when the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang, written by Su E described players enjoying the "leaf game" in 868.^[111][112]

• 9th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.^[113] In India, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number by the 9th century, even in case of division.^[113][114]

10th century

• 10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang.^[115]
• 10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China: Fireworks first appeared in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.^[116]

2nd millennium

11th century

• 1088: Movable type in Song Dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays written in 1088, which attributed the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.^{[117][118][119][120]} In the 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg independently invented the modern movable type system in Europe.^[121]
• 11th century: Fuel coke in Song Dynasty China: By the 11th century, to avoid excessive deforestation, the Song Chinese began using coke made from bituminous coal as fuel for their metallurgic furnaces instead of charcoal derived from wood.^[122][123]

12th century

• 1119: Mariner's compass (wet compass) in Song Dynasty China: The earliest recorded use of magnetized needle for navigational purposes at sea is found in Zhu Yu's book Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119 (written from 1111 to 1117).^{[119][124][125][126][127][128][129]} The typical Chinese navigational compass was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water.^[130] The familiar mariner's dry compass which used a pivoting needle suspended above a compass-card in a glass box was invented in medieval Europe no later than 1300.^[131]

13th century

• 1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history was by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who used an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.^[132]
• 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy^[133]
• 13th century: Dominoes in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin written during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368).^[134] Dominoes first appeared in Italy during the 18th century, and although it is unknown how Chinese dominoes developed into the modern game, it is speculated that Italian missionaries in China may have brought the game to Europe.^[135]
• 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin Dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs were used in 1221 by the Jin Dynasty against a Song Dynasty city.^[136] The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in 13th century in China and were called "thunder-crash bombs,"^[137] coined during a Jin Dynasty naval battle in 1231.^[138]
• 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppressed the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase was used.^[139]

14th century

• 14th century: Naval mine in Ming Dynasty China: Mentioned in the Huolongjing military manuscript written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th century) and Liu Ji (1311–1375), describing naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclopedia written in 1637.^[140]

15th century

The oldest known parachute is depicted in this anonymous Italian manuscript dated to the 1470s.^[141]

• 1420s: Brace in Flandres, Holy Roman Empire^[141]
• 1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.^[142]
• 1470s: Parachute (with frame) in Renaissance Italy^[143]
• 1480s: Mariner's astrolabe on Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa^[144]
• 1494: Double-entry bookkeeping system codified by Luca Pacioli

16th century

• 1560 Floating dock in Venice, Venetian Republic^[145]
• 1569 Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus Mercator

17th century

A 1609 title page of the German Relation, the world's first newspaper (first published in 1605)^[146][147]

• 1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (see also List of the oldest newspapers)^[146][147]

18th century

• 1709: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the alcohol thermometer.
• 1712: Thomas Newcomen builds the first steam engine to pump water out of mines.^[148] Newcomen's engine, unlike Thomas Savery's, used a piston.
• 1733: Stephen Hales takes measurements of blood pressure.^{[citation needed]}
• 1742: Anders Celsius develops the Centigrade temperature scale.^{[citation needed]}
• 1764: James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny.
• 1776: James Watt invents the improved steam engine utilizing a separate condenser.

19th century

1800s

• 1802: Arc lamp: Humphry Davy (exact date unclear; not practical as a light source until generators)^[149]
• 1804: Morphine in Paderborn, Germany: Morphine was discovered as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant in December 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner.^[150]
• 1804: Railway steam locomotive: Richard Trevithick^[151]

1820s

• 1822 The pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like a shaper) is completed by Thomas Blanchard for the U.S. Ordnance Dept. The lathe could copy symmetrical shapes and was used for making gun stocks, and later, ax handles. The lathe's patent was in force for 42 years, the record for any U.S. patent.^[152][153]
• 1826: Friction Match: John Walker^[154]

1830s

• 1839: James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer.

1870s

• 1876: Telephone: A patent for the telephone is granted to Alexander Graham Bell. However, others inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and the invention had several pioneers.^[155]
• 1877: The first working phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison.^[156]
• 1878: Rebreather: Henry Fleuss was granted a patent for the first practical rebreather^[157]
• 1878: Joseph Swan invented the light bulb in 1860, but it lasted only a few hours. Thomas Edison produced the first practical bulb and was granted a U.S. patent in 1879.

1880s

• 1888: Wind turbines for grid electricity invented by Charles F. Brush in 1888.

20th century

• 1903: First manually controlled, fixed wing, motorized aircraft takes place in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by Orville and Wilbur Wright. First modern fixed wing aircraft.

1910s

• 1915: The tank was invented by Ernest Swinton,^[158] although the British Royal Commission on Awards recognised a South Australian named Lance de Mole who had submitted a proposal to the British War Office, for a 'chain-rail vehicle which could be easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough ground and trenches' complete with extensive drawings in 1912^[159]

1920s

• 1928: Penicillin was first observed to exude antibiotic substances by Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming. Development of medicinal penicillin is attributed to a team of medics and scientists including Howard Walter Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley.

1940s

• December 1947: The Transistor, used in almost all modern electronic products was invented in December 1947 by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the supervision of William Shockley. Subsequent transistors became steadily smaller, faster, more reliable, and cheaper to manufacture, leading to a revolution in computers, controls, and communication.

1950s

• December 20, 1951: First use of nuclear power to produce electricity for households in Arco, Idaho^[160][161]
• 1955: The intermodal container was developed by Malcom McLean.
• 1957: The first PC used by one person and controlled by a keyboard, the IBM 610 was invented in 1957 by IBM.
• 1958-59: Co-creation of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.

1970s

• 1972: The first video game console, used primarily for playing video games on a TV, is the Magnavox Odyssey.^[162]

• 1973: The first commercial graphical user interface was introduced in 1973 on the Xerox Alto. The modern GUI was later popularized by the Xerox Star and Apple Lisa.

1980s

• 1982: A CD-ROM (/ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/, an acronym of "Compact Disc Read-only memory") is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.^[163]

1990s

• 1990: World Wide Web by a British national in Geneva, Switzerland: The World Wide Web was first proposed on March 1989 by English engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium.^[164] The project was publicly introduced in December 1990.^[165]

• 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions.

See also

• Accelerating change
• List of emerging technologies
• List of inventors
• Outline of prehistoric technology

Footnotes

1. Jump up ^ See People of the Millennium for an overview of the wide acclaim. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown. In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium. The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era.
2. Jump up ^ Harvard Gazette, Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species
3. Jump up ^ Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter
4. Jump up ^ Earliest evidence of art found
5. Jump up ^ Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World's Oldest Spears
6. Jump up ^ Mazza, P; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini, M; Giachi, G; Landucci, F; Lemorini, C et al. (2006). "A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed". Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (9): 1310. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006. |displayauthors= suggested (help)
7. Jump up ^ Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins
8. Jump up ^ Scott Elias (12 September 2012). Origins of Human Innovation and Creativity. Elsevier. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-444-53821-5. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
9. Jump up ^ Wadley L, Sievers C, Bamford M, Goldberg P, Berna F, Miller C. (2011). Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa. Science 9 December 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6061 pp. 1388-1391
10. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Backwell L, d'Errico F, Wadley L.(2008). Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35:1566-1580. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006
11. Jump up ^ Jennifer Viegas (31 March 2008). "Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past". Discovery News.
12. Jump up ^ Balter, M. (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". Science 325 (5946): 1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a. PMID 19745126.
13. Jump up ^ Kvavadze, E, Bar-Yosef, O, Belfer-Cohen, A, Boaretto, E, Jakeli, N, Matskevich, Z, Meshveliani, T. (2009). "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers". Science 325 (5946): 1359. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144.
14. Jump up ^ 'Oldest musical instrument' found, Pallab Ghosh, BBC News, June 25, 2009. Accessed on line August 26, 2009.
15. Jump up ^ Small, Meredith F. (April 2002). "String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years. (At The Museum)". Natural History. 111.3: 14(2)
16. Jump up ^ "Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered." Associated Press. 2009-06-01
17. Jump up ^ Piotr Bienkowski; Alan Millard (15 April 2010). Dictionary of the Ancient Near East. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8122-2115-2. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
18. Jump up ^ Loewe (1968), 170–171.
19. Jump up ^ Deng, Gang. (1997). Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29212-4, p. 22.
20. Jump up ^ Miriam T. Stark (15 April 2008). Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4051-5303-4. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
21. Jump up ^ Mary Schoeser (28 May 2007). Silk. Yale University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-300-11741-7.
22. Jump up ^ Jared Diamond "The Third Chimpanzee"
23. Jump up ^ Karen Radner; Eleanor Robson (22 September 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-19-955730-1. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
24. Jump up ^ Per Enghag (11 March 2008). Encyclopedia of the Elements. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146. ISBN 978-3-527-61234-5. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
25. Jump up ^ Steven Roger Fischer (4 April 2004). History of Writing. Reaktion Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-86189-167-9. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
26. Jump up ^ Paul Johnson (3 November 1999). The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt. HarperCollins. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-06-019434-5. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
27. Jump up ^ Turfa, J. MacIntosh; Steinmayer, A. G. (1999): "The Earliest Foresail, on Another Etruscan Vase", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 292-296 (295)
28. Jump up ^ Hans-Liudger, Dienel; Wolfgang, Meighörner (1997): "Der Tretradkran", Technikgeschichte series, 2nd ed., Deutsches Museum, München, p. 13
29. Jump up ^ Coulton, J. J. (1974): "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 94, pp. 1–19 (7, 16)
30. Jump up ^ Frankel, Rafael (2003): "The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 1–21 (17–19)
31. Jump up ^ Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138–163 (159)
32. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Wagner (2001), 7, 36–37, 64–68.
33. Jump up ^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 30.
34. Jump up ^ Gernet (1996), 69.
35. Jump up ^ Wagner (1993), 335.
36. Jump up ^ Pigott (1999), 177.
37. Jump up ^ Wagner (1993), 153, 157–158.
38. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Campbell, Duncan B. (2003): Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BC–AD 363, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ISBN 978-1-84176-634-8, pp. 3ff.
39. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Schellenberg, Hans Michael (2006): "Diodor von Sizilien 14,42,1 und die Erfindung der Artillerie im Mittelmeerraum", Frankfurter Elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde, Vol. 3, pp. 14–23 (18f.)
40. Jump up ^ Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0, p. 191.
41. Jump up ^ Wagner, Donald B. (2001). The State and the Iron Industry in Han China. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing. ISBN 87-87062-83-6, pp. 75–76.
42. Jump up ^ http://donwagner.dk/cice/cice.html Cast Iron in China and Europe retrieved 2010 Dec 10
43. Jump up ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan; Donald J. Kagay; Theresa M. Vann (1998). On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O'Callaghan. BRILL. p. 179. ISBN 978-90-04-11096-0. "Developed in China between the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, it reached the Mediterranean by the sixth century CE" |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
44. Jump up ^ Beckmann, Martin (2002): "The 'Columnae Coc(h)lides' of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius", Phoenix, Vol. 56, No. 3/4, pp. 348–357 (354)
45. Jump up ^ Ruggeri, Stefania (2006): "Selinunt", Edizioni Affinità Elettive, Messina, ISBN 88-8405-079-0, p. 77
46. Jump up ^ Lewis, M. J. T. (1994): "The Origins of the Wheelbarrow", Technology and Culture, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 453–475
47. Jump up ^ Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101)
48. Jump up ^ Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen", Antike Welt, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46)
49. Jump up ^ Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal", Skyllis, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35, 39)
50. Jump up ^ B. H. M. W. Bohingamuwa (2000): "The water regulation technology of ancient Sri Lankan reservoirs: The Bisokotuwa sluice", p164.
51. Jump up ^ Oleson, John Peter (2000): "Water-Lifting", in: Wikander, Örjan: "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology", Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 217–302 (233)
52. Jump up ^ http://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/06/science/ancient-smelter-used-wind-to-make-high-grade-steel.html John Noble Wilford, "Ancient Smelter Used Wind To Make High-Grade Steel", New York Times, 6 February 1996.
53. Jump up ^ Pigott (1999), 183–184.
54. Jump up ^ Athenaeus of Naucratis: "Deipnosophistae", V 204c–d
55. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Casson, Lionel (1995): "Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World", Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-5130-8, pp. 243–245
56. Jump up ^ Pigott (1999), 186.
57. Jump up ^ Buisseret (1998), 12.
58. Jump up ^ O’Connor, Colin: Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-39326-4, p. 171
59. Jump up ^ Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995): "I ponti romani", Vol. 1, Edizioni Canova, Treviso, ISBN 88-85066-66-6, pp. 429–437
60. Jump up ^ Smith, Norman (1971): "A History of Dams", Peter Davies, London, ISBN 978-0-432-15090-0, pp. 25–49 (33–35)
61. Jump up ^ Schnitter, Niklaus (1978): "Römische Talsperren", Antike Welt, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 25–32 (31f.)
62. Jump up ^ Schnitter, Niklaus (1987): "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts", in: Garbrecht, Günther (ed.): Historische Talsperren, Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, Vol. 1, ISBN 3-87919-145-X, pp. 9–20 (12)
63. Jump up ^ Schnitter, Niklaus (1987): "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer", Garbrecht, Günther (ed.): Historische Talsperren, Vol. 1, Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-87919-145-X, pp. 75–96 (80)
64. Jump up ^ Hodge, A. Trevor (2000): "Reservoirs and Dams", in: Wikander, Örjan: Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 331–339 (332, fn. 2)
65. Jump up ^ Wikander, Örjan (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (396f.)
66. Jump up ^ Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002): "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52, pp. 1–17 (11)
67. Jump up ^ Wilson, Andrew (2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy", The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 92, pp. 1–32 (7f.)
68. Jump up ^ Wikander, Örjan (1985): "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report", History of Technology, Vol. 10, pp. 151–179 (160)
69. Jump up ^ Wikander, Örjan (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (396)
70. Jump up ^ Schnitter, Niklaus (1987): "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer", in: Garbrecht, Günther (ed.): Historische Talsperren, Vol. 1, Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-87919-145-X, pp. 57–74 (59–62)
71. Jump up ^ Sleeswyk AW, Sivin N (1983). "Dragons and toads: the Chinese seismoscope of BC. 132". Chinese Science 6: 1–19.
72. Jump up ^ Needham, Joseph (1959). Science and Civilization in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 626–635.
73. Jump up ^ Schiöler, Thorkild (2009): "Die Kurbelwelle von Augst und die römische Steinsägemühle", Helvetia Archaeologica, Vol. 40, No. 159/160, pp. 113–124 (113f.)
74. Jump up ^ Basch, Lucien (2001): "La voile latine, son origine, son évolution et ses parentés arabes", in: Tzalas, H. (ed.): Tropis VI, 6th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia 1996 proceedings, Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 55–85 (63)
75. Jump up ^ Casson, Lionel (1954): "The Sails of the Ancient Mariner", Archaeology, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 214–219
76. Jump up ^ Whitewright, Julian (2009): "The Mediterranean Lateen Sail in Late Antiquity", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 97–104
77. Jump up ^ James, Patrick; Chanson, Hubert (2002): "Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs", Australian Civil Engineering Transactions, Vol. CE43, pp. 39–56
78. Jump up ^ Hodge, A. Trevor (2000): "Reservoirs and Dams", in: Wikander, Örjan: Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 331–339 (332)
79. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138–163 (140, 161)
80. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Grewe, Klaus (2009): "Die Reliefdarstellung einer antiken Steinsägemaschine aus Hierapolis in Phrygien und ihre Bedeutung für die Technikgeschichte. Internationale Konferenz 13.−16. Juni 2007 in Istanbul", in: Bachmann, Martin (ed.): Bautechnik im antiken und vorantiken Kleinasien, Byzas, Vol. 9, Ege Yayınları/Zero Prod. Ltd., Istanbul, ISBN 978-975-8072-23-1, pp. 429–454 (429)
81. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Grewe, Klaus (2010): "La máquina romana de serrar piedras. La representación en bajorrelieve de una sierra de piedras de la antigüedad, en Hierápolis de Frigia y su relevancia para la historia técnica (translation by Miguel Ordóñez)", in: Las técnicas y las construcciones de la Ingeniería Romana, V Congreso de las Obras Públicas Romanas, pp. 381–401
82. Jump up ^ Wang (1982), 1982.
83. Jump up ^ Dewar (2002), 42.
84. Jump up ^ Wilson, Andrew (1995): "Water-Power in North Africa and the Development of the Horizontal Water-Wheel", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 8, pp. 499–510 (507f.)
85. Jump up ^ Wikander, Örjan (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (377)
86. Jump up ^ Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002): "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52, pp. 1–17 (13)
87. Jump up ^ Oleson, John Peter (2000): "Water-Lifting", in: Wikander, Örjan: "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology", Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 217–302 (235)
88. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 159–160, 256–257.
89. Jump up ^ Hucker (1975), 206.
90. Jump up ^ Ronan (1994), 41.
91. Jump up ^ De Rebus Bellicis (anon.), chapter XVII, text edited by Robert Ireland, in: BAR International Series 63, part 2, p. 34
92. Jump up ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 28.
93. Jump up ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 322.
94. Jump up ^ Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995): "I ponti romani", Vol. 1, Edizioni Canova, Treviso, ISBN 88-85066-66-6, p. 92
95. Jump up ^ Warren, John (1991): "Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture", Muqarnas, Vol. 8, pp. 59–65 (61–63)
96. Jump up ^ Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996): "Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen", Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-421-03062-6, pp. 30–32
97. Jump up ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 123.
98. Jump up ^ Hunter (1978), 207.
99. Jump up ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 607–609
100. Jump up ^ Theophanes & Turtledove 1982, p. 52
101. Jump up ^ Roland 1992, p. 657; Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 608
102. Jump up ^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 156.
103. Jump up ^ Bowman (2000), 105.
104. Jump up ^ Gernet (1962), 80.
105. Jump up ^ Wood (1999), 49.
106. Jump up ^ Jack Kelly Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Perseus Books Group: 2005, ISBN :0465037224, 9780465037223: pp. 2-5
107. Jump up ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 8–9, 80–82.
108. Jump up ^ Needham (1987), Volume 5, Part 7, 70–73, 120–124.
109. Jump up ^ Gernet (1996), 311.
110. Jump up ^ Day & McNeil (1996), 785.
111. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 131–132.
112. Jump up ^ Lo (2000), 390.
113. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Bourbaki (1998), page 46
114. Jump up ^ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2007). algebra
115. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 224–225, 232–233, 241–244.
116. Jump up ^ Gernet (1962), 186.
117. Jump up ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201–202.
118. Jump up ^ Gernet (1996), 335.
119. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Bowman (2000), 599.
120. Jump up ^ Day & McNeil (1996), 70.
121. Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved November 27, 2006, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD—entry 'printing'
122. Jump up ^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 158.
123. Jump up ^ Ebrey (1999), 144.
124. Jump up ^ Gernet (1962), 77.
125. Jump up ^ Sivin (1995), III, 21–22.
126. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 279.
127. Jump up ^ Elisseeff (2000), 296.
128. Jump up ^ Gernet (1996), 328.
129. Jump up ^ Day & McNeil (1996), 636.
130. Jump up ^ Kreutz, p. 373
131. Jump up ^ Frederic C. Lane, “The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 68, No. 3. (Apr., 1963), p.615ff.
132. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 175–176, 192.
133. Jump up ^ Vincent Ilardi, Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 2007), page 5.
134. Jump up ^ Lo (2000), 401.
135. Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle (2 April 2009). Encyclopedia of Play. SAGE. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
136. Jump up ^ Peter Connolly (1 November 1998). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare. Taylor & Francis. p. 356. ISBN 978-1-57958-116-9. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
137. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 170–174.
138. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 171.
139. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 293–294.
140. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 203–205.
141. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} White, Lynn (1962): "Medieval Technology and Social Change", At the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 112
142. Jump up ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58–69) ISBN 0-471-29198-6
143. Jump up ^ White, Lynn (1968): "The Invention of the Parachute", Technology and Culture, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 462–467 (462f.)
144. Jump up ^ Stimson, Alan (1985): "The Mariner's Astrolabe. A Survey of 48 Surviving Examples", UC Biblioteca Geral, Coimbra, p. 576
145. Jump up ^ Sarton, George (1946): "Floating Docks in the Sixteenth Century", Isis, Vol. 36, No. 3/4, pp. 153–154 (153f.)
146. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} World Association of Newspapers: "Newspapers: 400 Years Young!"
147. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Weber, Johannes (2006): "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe", German History, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 387–412 (396f.)
148. Jump up ^ McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14792-1.
149. Jump up ^ http://archives.theiet.org/about/Arclamps/arclamps.htm
150. Jump up ^ Andreas Luch (2009). Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 3-7643-8335-6.
151. Jump up ^ http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/trevithic_loco/
152. Jump up ^ Thomson, Ross (2009). Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9141-0.
153. Jump up ^ Hounshell 1984, p. 35
154. Jump up ^ "John Walker's Friction Light". BBC. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
155. Jump up ^ Charles R. Geisst (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of American Business History. Infobase Publishing. p. 425. ISBN 978-1-4381-0987-9. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
156. Jump up ^ "The History of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph". Library of Congress.
157. Jump up ^ Quick, D. (1970). "A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus". Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. RANSUM-1-70. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
158. Jump up ^ Quigley, Carroll (1966). Tragedy And Hope. New York: MacMillan. p. 232.
159. Jump up ^ Coulthard-Clark, Christopher D., Australian Dictionary of Biography, online edition, http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080298b.htm, retrieved on 26 August 2008
160. Jump up ^ Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 factsheet, Idaho National Laboratory
161. Jump up ^ Fifty years ago in December: Atomic reactor EBR-I produced first electricity American Nuclear Society Nuclear news, November 2001
162. Jump up ^ "The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information", Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science (journal), 332(6025), 60-65; free access to the article through here martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
163. Jump up ^ EP 689208 "Method for block oriented addressing" – for block layouts see columns 1 and 2
164. Jump up ^ "Tim Berners Lee - Time 100 People of the Century". Time Magazine. Retrieved 17 May 2010. "He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free. ."
165. Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "Pre-W3C Web and Internet Background". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved April 21, 2009.

References

• Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-64767-8.
• Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11004-9.
• Buisseret, David. (1998). Envisioning the City: Six Studies in Urban Cartography. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-07993-7.
• Day, Lance and Ian McNeil. (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06042-7.
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66991-X (paperback).
• Ebrey, Walthall, Palais, (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Elisseeff, Vadime. (2000). The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-222-9.
• Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University. ISBN 0-8018-4595-5.
• Hunter, Dard (1978). Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-23619-6.
• Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250-1276. Translated by H.M. Wright. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0.
• Gernet, Jacques. (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Translated by J.R. Foster and Charles Hartman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49781-7.
• Kreutz, Barbara M. (1973) "Mediterranean Contributions to the Medieval Mariner's Compass", Technology and Culture, 14 (3: July), p. 367–383
• Lo, Andrew. "The Game of Leaves: An Inquiry into the Origin of Chinese Playing Cards," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 63, No. 3 (2000): 389-406.
• Loewe, Michael. (1968). Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
• Needham, Joseph, Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.,1986 ISBN 0-521-07060-0
• Needham, Joseph (1962). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics. Cambridge University Press., reprinted Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.(1986)
• Needham, Joseph and Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin. (1985). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. Cambridge University Press., reprinted Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.(1986)
• Needham, Joseph. (1987). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge University Press.
• Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0.
• Ronan, Colin A. (1994). The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32995-7.
• Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
• Stark, Miriam T. (2005). Archaeology of Asia. Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub. ISBN 1-4051-0213-6.
• Wagner, Donald B. (1993). Iron and Steel in Ancient China: Second Impression, With Corrections. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09632-9.
• Wagner, Donald B. (2001). The State and the Iron Industry in Han China. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing. ISBN 87-87062-83-6.
• Wang, Zhongshu. (1982). Han Civilization. Translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02723-0.
• Wood, Nigel. (1999). Chinese Glazes: Their Origins, Chemistry, and Recreation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3476-6.

External links

• U.S. National Academy of Engineering's Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century Timeline
• Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions
• KryssTal History and Geography of Inventions

[show] v t e Inventions and discoveries by nation or region

[show] v t e Technology

Categories:

• Technology timelines
• Lists of inventions or discoveries

Navigation menu

• Create account
• Log in

• Article
• Talk

• Read
• Edit
• View history

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Wikimedia Shop

Interaction

• Help
• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact page

Toolbox

Print/export

Languages

• Afrikaans
• አማርኛ
• Brezhoneg
• Català
• Dansk
• Deutsch
• Français
• हिन्दी
• 日本語
• Português
• Română
• Русский
• Slovenščina
• Українська
• Tiếng Việt
• 中文
• Edit links

This page was last modified on 30 September 2013 at 23:01.

end quote from:
Timeline of historic inventions

Of all these inventions the most interesting to me is the timing of the transistor to within 6 months after the Roswell crash in New Mexico of the UFO there. Corso in his definitive book, "The Day After Roswell" also says the computers (computer chips) we are presently using now were reverse engineered from chips found on board the Roswell craft.