Numerous
peoples and cultures throughout history have been subjected to
genocidal violence, some of which resulted in total extinction. While
determining absolute, complete extinction is complex due to assimilation
and dispersal, historians have identified several well-documented cases
. Examples of completely exterminated or assimilated cultures
Moriori people of the Chatham Islands (1835)
- The Moriori were a peaceful, unarmed Polynesian people living on the Chatham Islands, southeast of New Zealand.
- In 1835, a group of Taranaki Māori from New Zealand invaded the islands, carrying guns and other weapons. They attacked the Moriori, killing them indiscriminately and cannibalizing some of the dead.
- Moriori survivors were enslaved and forbidden to marry each other or have children. Within decades, their language and distinct culture were eradicated.
- The last known person of full Moriori descent died in 1933.
Dzungar people of Central Asia (1755–1758)
- After the Dzungar leader Amursana rebelled against the Qing dynasty, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the "complete destruction" of the Dzungar people (a Mongol group).
- The Chinese Qing army, with the help of allied forces, carried out a mass extermination campaign. Some estimates suggest that 70% to 80% of the Dzungar population, or 500,000 to 800,000 people, were killed.
- The remnants of the Dzungars were enslaved or deported, and their lands were repopulated by Han, Hui, and other ethnic groups.
Indigenous peoples of Tasmania (1800s)
- After British colonization began in the early 1800s, the Aboriginal population of Tasmania was subjected to decades of brutal violence by settlers and colonial forces.
- While some Aboriginal Tasmanians survived and continued their lineage, the last person believed to be of "full-blooded" Tasmanian Aboriginal descent, Truganini, died in 1876.
- European diseases, violent killings, and forced removal from their lands led to the effective extermination of their distinct cultural group.
Nicoleño people of California (1800s)
- The Nicoleño were a small Native American tribe living on San Nicolas Island, California.
- The population was devastated by a massacre carried out by hunters in 1811.
- In 1835, most of the remaining people were evacuated, but one woman was accidentally left behind. She lived alone for 18 years before being discovered. She was the last survivor of her people and died seven weeks later, marking the complete extinction of the Nicoleño culture.
Disputed or partially exterminated cases
Historians
and scholars also point to other events as examples of total or
near-total destruction, although the evidence may be less complete or
the term "genocide" remains debated.
- The Carthage Massacres (146 BCE): During the Third Punic War, the Romans destroyed the city of Carthage and reportedly "exterminated" its population, though many were also sold into slavery.
- Genocides of some Native Californian tribes (1800s): During the California Gold Rush, hundreds of smaller Native American tribes were subjected to violence and murder, with entire groups disappearing.
- The Cathars of southern France (1209–1229): This religious sect was annihilated during the Albigensian Crusade. Though a religious rather than an ethnic group, the mass slaughter, expulsion, and burning of heretics ended Catharism completely.
- The Western Xia/Tanguts (1227): Genghis Khan ordered the intentional extermination of the Tanguts after they defied him. The campaign was so devastating that very few records of their society and culture survive, leading one historian to call it "the first ever recorded example of attempted genocide".
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This list includes all events which have been classified as genocide by significant scholarship. As there are varying definitions of genocide, this list ...
Genocide Education Project
https://genocideeducation.org › modern-era-genocides
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