How to Purify Water: 8 Steps - wikiHow
www.wikihow.com › Home › CategoriesWhen the water you're hoping to drink might be riddled with parasites or bacteria, you ... Clean the container in which you're going to hold or store the water.
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How to Purify Water
Edited by Krystle C., Ben Rubenstein, Viola Palmer, Christoph Romanae and 154 othersWhen the water you're hoping to drink might be riddled with parasites or bacteria, you can't afford to skimp on water purification. In the very circumstances that put you in contact with questionable water (being in the wilderness, surviving or recovering from a disaster, or living in a part of the world where water isn't purified for you) the last thing you want to do is to get sick. Read the following instructions carefully and always be prepared to purify water yourself.Edit Steps
- 1Clean the container in which you're going to hold or store the water. Use dish soap and water. Rinse thoroughly. After washing the containers, submerge them in a solution of 1 teaspoon of non-scented liquid household chlorine bleach to every quart (or liter) of water (making sure the entire surface of the bottle comes in contact with the solution for a minimum of 15 seconds), then rinse thoroughly with a weaker mixture of bleach and water.[1]
- Don't use any container that has had milk or fruit juice in it. Milk protein and fruit sugars remain in the container and can fuel bacterial growth when water is stored. Plastic soda bottles are suitable.
- 2Filter water through a clean cloth. Then allow it to settle for at least 30 minutes and pour off the clear water for purifying. This process of filtering and settling is especially important if you're going to be using chemical purification because disinfectants are less effective in cloudy, murky, or colored water.[2]
- It is possible to use cotton cloth, such as a clean handkerchief or clean white sock, or silk (water passes quickly through multiple layers).
- One way to set this up is to cut the bottom off of a water or coke bottle. Roll a clean sock up on itself and stuff it down to the neck of the bottle. Pour your water through the filter until it is clear to the eye.
- If you have a portable water filter, use it.
- 3Speed up the clearing of water. One way to do this is to add a little aluminum sulfate. This causes impurities to coagulate, which are removed as the particulate settles to the bottom of the container.
- 4Purify the water using any of the following methods. If you can, combine boiling with a chemical disinfection method; the boiling is more thorough, but the chemical method will continue to keep the water safe when it's stored.[3] Select a method:
- Boiling: This kills most types of disease-causing organisms and is the most recommended purification technique. Boil the water for 1 full minute, then let it cool. Make sure it's a full, rolling boil. If you are more than one mile above sea level, boil for 3 minutes longer.[1]
- Disinfecting: Disinfecting with household bleach kills some, but not all, types of disease-causing organisms. The bleach must contain chlorine in order to work. Don't use scented bleaches, color-safe bleaches, or bleaches with added cleaners. Most household chlorine bleaches have 4-6 percent available chlorine, in which case add 1/8 teaspoon (8 drops) of regular, unscented, liquid household bleach for each gallon of water (2 drops per litre), stir it well and let it stand for 30 minutes before you use it. Check the label; if the percentage of available chlorine is around 1 percent, or you don't know what the percentage is, use 40 drops per gallon/ 10 drops per litre; if the percentage is 7-10 percent, use 4 drops per gallon or 1 drop per litre. Double the amount of chlorine if the water is cloudy, murky, or colored, or if the water is extremely cold. If, after sitting covered for 30 minutes, the water doesn't have a slight chlorine odor, repeat the dosage and let sit for another 15 minutes.[2]
- Granular calcium hypochlorite: This works in the same way as household bleach. You can dissolve one heaped teaspoon of high-test granular calcium hypochlorite (about 1/4 ounce) in two gallons of water (1 heaped teaspoon or 7g for every 7.5 litres or 1 gram for every litre of water) to make a disinfecting solution. Then add one part of the disinfecting solution to each 100 parts of water to purify.[2]
- Potassium permanganate (KMnO4): This can be used to disinfect water. It can be purchased from camping supply stores and pool treatment stores. The water should be colored slightly pink, 3 or 4 crystals in a quart or litre of water. Let the solution stand for at least 30 minutes. This is definitely an emergency measure only, and should not be used for planned leisure activities, such as hiking or camping.
- Disinfecting with iodine: This is generally less effective than chlorine in controlling the parasite Giardia, but it's better than no treatment at all. Add 5 drops of 2 percent iodine (from the medicine chest or first aid kit) to every quart or litre of clear water; add 10 drops if the water is cloudy. Let the solution stand for at least 30 minutes.[2]
- Commercial tablets: For commercially prepared chlorine or iodine tablets, follow the instructions that come with them. If you don't have instructions, use one tablet for each quart or litre of water to be purified.[2]
- Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) method: Pouring the water into clear plastic PET bottles, and exposing to direct sunlight for at least 6 hours has been shown to be an effective method of disinfecting.[4]
- 5Be careful with the cap or lid of the container. If you're chemically disinfecting water in a canteen or other portable container with a screw-on cap, wait about five minutes after adding the purifying chemical(s), then partially unscrew the cap and shake the container so that some of the water sloshes on the inside of the cap and the threads of the container, then re-tighten the cap and let it sit for the remainder of the time specified above or in the instructions. Otherwise, there may still be contaminated water in the cap, on the outside of the container's neck, or on the threads.
- 6Improve the flavor of purified water, if needed. Boiled water can taste "flat", and disinfected water can have a strong chlorine taste. Aerate it by pouring it from one clean container to another several times. Alternatively, add a pinch of salt to each quart or litre of water.[2] If the flavor is still unpleasant, use a powdered drink mix, if available.
- 7Take care when consuming. Once the water in a container has been purified, open and close the container carefully. Don't touch the inside or the rim with your fingers, or else the water could become contaminated.
- If you're going to drink some, but not all of the water, don't drink directly from the container. Pour it into another container and drink from that. Contact with your lips and mouth can contaminate water that's going to be stored.
- If you don't drink the water immediately, write the date on the bottle. Store it in a cool, dark place for up to six months.
- 8Finished.
Edit Tips
- Water that's collected through condensation (such as from plants or soil) needs to be purified. The process of evaporation leaves some sediments behind, but unless boiling temperature is reached, parasites and other harmful substances may still be in the water.
- Both bleach and iodine work much better in warm water.[5]
- A person needs at least a half gallon (1.89 litres) of water per day to survive, sometimes more (children, nursing mothers, people who are ill, and when the weather is hot, everyone).[1]
Edit Warnings
- Quality reverse osmosis filter systems remove impurities down to several hundred thousandths of a micron - small enough to remove all organic matter (and other matter such as chlorine as well).
- People with thyroid problems should check with their doctors before using water treated with iodine.
- Chlorine and iodine can be toxic. Do not use more of either chemical than indicated, and use only in emergency situations.
- All the methods indicated above are designed to remove biological threats only, such as bacteria. They generally do not remove chemical (for example, industrial waste such as aluminum sludge) or radioactive contamination. If it is suspected that the water contains such contaminants, rely on distillation, or weigh consumption against the risk of being dehydrated.
- Commercial filters made for tap water may only remove basic minerals to make it taste better, depending on the quality of the particular filter. They may not remove parasites or other threats that are removed through in water treatment facilities. Check the label to be sure what you're getting.
Edit Things You'll Need
- Suitable water container
- Clean cloth
- Items required for disinfecting and purifying as outlined in steps.
Edit Related wikiHows
Edit Sources and Citations
- Appropedia.org, http://www.appropedia.org/Choosing_water_supply_and_purification_methods Choosing water supply and purification methods; includes a focus on appropriate technology and less developed countries. – research source
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 http://www.ready.gov/america/_downloads/emergency_preparedness/are_you_ready.pdf (PDF)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 http://www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/emerg.html
- ↑ http://drinking-water.org/html/en/Treatment/Coagulation-Flocculation-technologies.html
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SODIS
- ↑ http://www.epa.gov/safewater/faq/emerg.html
Article Info
end quote from:
How to Purify Water: 8 Steps - wikiHow
I thought that since summer is a time when people tend to travel more around the world it might be important to be aware of how to purify water. Even though my family and I were diligent throughout Thailand, India and Nepal in 1985 and 1986 while we were traveling there from December 1985 until April 1986, 4 out of the 5 of us still got giardia. How, might you ask did this happen. It turns out that the cysts (hard eggs) for giardia stay dormant in feces wherever it is on the ground. So, in areas where they isn't now or hasn't been much sewage treatment or flush toilets it is in the dust everywhere. So, in 1985 Kathmandu was growing quickly and many roads were still dirt and since if there are no toilets people and animals have to relieve themselves and since giardia is endemic to India, China and Asia in general because of ongoing high population levels for over 1000 years or more, giardia is in the public water supplies in most areas still that aren't treated regularly with clorine etc. However, for many areas clorine is too expensive for them to be able to afford to treat the water. Also, even in the United States there are parasites here that can survive clorinated water and often kill people with HIV or compromised immune systems. Almost every single treated water system in the U.S. has a type of parasite in it impervious to clorine for one or more months every year. So, if you are going to drink tap water anywhere in the U.S. it is a good idea to have a reverse osmosis tippet to get water to drink from especially if you aren't boiling it first.
I recently discovered that getting giardia when I was 37 has been the source of all my health problems since. Giardia caused my intestines not to be able to process gluten because gluten sugars are the favorite of giardia protozoa.This Gluten allergy then caused my immune system to attack my thyroid glands which gave me a hypothyroid condition. This caused, since both my wife and I were dealing with undiagnosed health problems that were not found then to break up in an awful divorce. Though I remarried a year later I almost died of a heart virus at age 50 for 7 months. This caused a forced retirement for me and then finally when I was 58 I was diagnosed with a hypothyroid condition which can be difficult but not as bad as diabetes. When I started taking Armour thyroid I felt 20 years younger immediately. 2 months ago I was finally diagnosed through a battery of blood tests that cost around 1000 dollars or more to have a gluten allergy. Within stopping eating all gluten I then felt 20 years younger and 90% of all body pain in my body stopped even though I'm presently 65 years old. So, I figure now I might have another 20 to 40 years in me. But for most people without my resources (both intelligence and financial) they likely would have died between ages 45 and 50. So, this is why I'm sharing all this with you so you don't have to die between 45 or 50 unless that is your wish.
Conclusion: So, it might be good to boil ANY water you consume in 3rd world countries or in countries you have never been to before so your bodies aren't used to the organisms there. However, if you can afford to buy bottled water and trust the sources in that country that might be sufficient. I was watching a movie documentary called "SOMM" last night about Wine Masters and found out that the Roman Army didn't trust water wherever they went even in ancient history so many people back in history only drank wine because they could not count on the water not to give them dysentary or worse. One trick my family used in India was only to drink Campos Orange Soda when we were traveling and couldn't boil water before drinking. Though it was rough only drinking pop while traveling it kept us all from getting sick while on trains or buses across India.
But, remember in many third world countries there aren't toilets most places so giardia or worse can be in the dust you breathe as you walk or drive to you don't even have to drink bad water you can just breathe in dust with protozoa cyst eggs in it and get giardia or worse. Some people wore hospital masks when the concentrations of people became too great at gatherings of 100,000 people or more when there might be only 5 or 10 toilets for that many people when we were traveling in the 1980s through India.
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Tuesday, June 4, 2013
How to Purify Water: 8 Steps - wikiHow
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