Where we all go from here is anyone's guess. But, here is what I found on white people but I'm not sure how useful it is to me or you.
White people
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White people is a
racial classification specifier, used for people of
Europid
ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The
contemporary usage of "white people" or a "white race" as a large group
of (mainly European) populations contrasting with "
black",
American Indian, "
colored" or
non-white originated in the 17th century.
It is today particularly used as a racial classifier in
multiracial societies, such as the
United States (
White American), the
United Kingdom (
White British),
Brazil (
White Brazilian), and
South Africa (
White South African). Various
social constructions of
whiteness have been significant to national identity,
public policy,
religion,
population statistics,
racial segregation,
affirmative action,
white privilege,
eugenics, racial
marginalization and
racial quotas.
The term "white race" or "white people" entered the major European
languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized
slavery and unequal status in European colonies. Description of
populations as "white" in reference to
their skin color predates this notion and is found in
Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on
race generally distinguishes the modern concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference.
[1]
Antiquity and Middle Ages: physical description
In the literature of the
Ancient Near East and
Classical Antiquity, descriptions of the physical aspect of various nations or peoples in terms of color is commonplace.
[dubious – discuss][citation needed] Nina Jablonski reports that:
In ancient Egypt as whole, people were not designated by color terms…
Egyptian inscriptions and literature only rarely, for instance, mention
the dark skin of the Kushites of Upper Nubia. We know that Egyptians
were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid
attention to it in works of art, to the extent the pigments at the time
permitted.[2]
Classicist
James Dee states "the Greeks do not describe themselves as "white people"—or as anything else because they had
no regular word in their color vocabulary for themselves."
[3] People's skin color did not carry useful meaning; what mattered is where they lived.
[4]
Assignment of
positive and negative connotations of white and black date to the classical period in a number of
Indo-European languages, but these differences were not always applied to skin color
per se. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color.
[3] Similarly, the
Rigveda uses
krsna tvac "black skin" as a metaphor for irreligiosity.
[5]
The
Ancient Egyptian (
New Kingdom)
funerary text known as the
Book of Gates distinguishes "four groups" in a procession. These are the
Egyptians, the
Levantine/
Canaanite peoples or "Asiatics", the "
Nubians" and the "fair-skinned
Libyans".
[6] The Egyptians are depicted as a light reddish brown, the Nubians (modern
Sudan) as black skinned, the
Semites from the Levant (modern
Syria) and
Canaan (modern
Lebanon,
Israel and
Jordan) as
light skinned, and the
Berbers of ancient Libya as similarly fair.
[citation needed]
Xenophon described the
Aethiopians (
Nubians) as black and the
Persian troops as white compared to the sun-tanned skin of
Greek troops.
[7] Herodotus similarly used
Melanchroes "dark-skinned" for the Egyptians.
[8] He described the
Aithiopes as "burned-faced",
[citation needed] for the Aethiopians (Nubians). Herodotus also described the
Scythian Budini as having deep blue eyes and bright red hair.
[9] These color adjectives are typically found in contrast to the "standard" set by the own group, not as a self-description.
[citation needed]
Modern racial hierarchies
The term "white race" or "white people" entered the major
European languages in the later 17th century, originating with the
racialization of
slavery at the time, in the context of the
Atlantic slave trade[10] and the enslavement of native peoples in the
Spanish Empire.
[11]
It has repeatedly been ascribed to strains of blood, ancestry, and
physical traits, and was eventually made into a subject of scientific
research, which culminated in
scientific racism,
which was later widely repudiated by the scientific community.
According to historian Irene Silverblatt, "Race thinking … made social
categories into racial truths."
[11]
Bruce David Baum, citing the work of Ruth Frankenberg, states, "the
history of modern racist domination has been bound up with the history
of how European peoples defined themselves (and sometimes some other
peoples) as members of a superior 'white race'."
[12] Alastair Bonnett argues that 'white identity', as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting
American interpretations of
race and history.
[13]
According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee,
Before the age of exploration, group differences were largely based
on language, religion, and geography. … the European [sic] had always
reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color and facial
structure between themselves and the populations encountered in Africa,
Asia, and the Americas (see, for example, Shakespeare's dramatization of
racial conflict in Othello and The Tempest). Beginning in the 1500s,
Europeans began to develop what became known as "scientific racism," the
attempt to construct a biological rather than cultural definition of
race … Whiteness, then, emerged as what we now call a "pan-ethnic"
category, as a way of merging a variety of European ethnic populations
into a single "race" ...
— Gregory Jay, "Who Invented White People?"[14]
In the 16th and 17th centuries, "East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as white, never as yellow."
[15]
Michael Keevak's history Becoming Yellow, finds that East Asians were
redesignated as being yellow-skinned because "yellow had become a
racial designation," and that the replacement of white with yellow as a description came through scientific discourse.
[16]
Social category
A three-part racial schema in color terms was used in seventeenth-century Latin America under Spanish rule.
[17] Irene Silverblatt traces "race thinking" in South America to the social categories of
colonialism and
state formation: "White, black, and brown are abridged, abstracted versions of colonizer, slave, and colonized."
[18] By the mid-seventeenth century, the novel term
español (Spaniard) was being equated in written documents with
blanco, or white.
[18] In the Spain's American colonies, African, Native American (
indios), Jewish, or morisco ancestry formally excluded individuals from the "purity of blood" (
limpieza de sangre) requirements for holding any public office under the Royal Pragmatic of 1501.
[19]
Similar restrictions applied in the military, some religious orders,
colleges, and universities, leading to a nearly all-white priesthood and
professional stratum.
[19][20]
Blacks and Indians were subject to tribute obligations and forbidden to
bear arms, and Black and Indian women were forbidden to wear jewels,
silk, or precious metals in early colonial Mexico and Peru.
[19] Those
pardos (people with dark skin) and
mulattos (people of mixed African and European ancestry) with resources largely sought to evade these restrictions by passing as white.
[19][20]
A brief royal offer to buy the privileges of whiteness for a
substantial sum of money attracted fifteen applicants before pressure
from white elites ended the practice.
[19]
In the
British colonies in North America and the Caribbean, the designation
English or
Christian
was initially used in contrast to Native Americans or Africans. Early
appearances of white race or white people in the Oxford English
Dictionary begin in the seventeenth century.
[3] Historian Winthrop Jordan reports that, "throughout the [thirteen] colonies the terms
Christian,
free,
English, and
white were … employed indiscriminately" in the seventeenth century as proxies for one another.
[21] In 1680, Morgan Godwyn "found it necessary to explain" to English readers that "in
Barbados, 'white' was 'the general name for Europeans.'"
[22]
Several historians report a shift towards greater use of white as a
legal category alongside a hardening of restrictions on free or
Christian blacks.
[23] White
remained a more familiar term in the American colonies than in Britain
well into the 1700s, according to historian Theodore Allen.
[22]
Science of race
Western studies of race and ethnicity in the 18th and 19th centuries developed into what would later be termed
scientific racism.
Prominent European scientists writing about human and natural
difference included a white or west Eurasian race among a small set of
human races and imputed physical, mental, or aesthetic superiority to
this white category. These ideas were discredited by twentieth-century
scientists.
[24]
18th century beginnings
In 1758,
Carl Linnaeus proposed what he considered to be natural
taxonomic categories of the human species. He distinguished between
Homo sapiens and
Homo sapiens europaeus, and he later added four geographical subdivisions of humans: white
Europeans,
red Americans, yellow
Asians
and black Africans. Although Linnaeus intended them as objective
classifications, his descriptions of these groups included cultural
patterns and derogatory stereotypes.
[25]
In 1775,
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
described the white race as "the white color holds the first place,
such as it is that most Europeans. The redness of cheeks in this variety
is almost peculiar to it: at all events it is but seldom seen in the
rest... Color white, Cheeks rosy".
[26]
He categorized humans into five races, which largely corresponded with
Linnaeus' classifications, except for the addition of Oceanians (whom he
called Malay).
[25]
He characterized the racial classification scheme of Metzger as making
"two principal varieties as extremes:(1) the white man native of Europe,
of the northern parts of Asia, America and Africa..",
[27] and the racial classification scheme of John Hunter as having, "seven varieties:... (6) brownish as the southern Europeans,
Turks,
Abyssinians,
Samoiedes and
Lapps; (7) white, as the remaining Europeans, the
Mingrelians and
Kabardinski".
[27]
Blumenbach is known for arguing that physical characteristics like skin
color, cranial profile, etc., were correlated with group character and
aptitude.
Craniometry and
phrenology
would attempt to make physical appearance correspond with racial
categories. The fairness and relatively high brows of Caucasians were
held to be apt physical expressions of a loftier mentality and a more
generous spirit. The epicanthic folds around the eyes of Mongolians and
their slightly sallow outer epidermal layer bespoke their supposedly
crafty, literal-minded nature.
[citation needed]
In a 1775 work,
Von den verschiedenen Rassen der Menschen ("Of [About] The Different Races of Humans"), German philosopher
Immanuel Kant used the term
weiß (white) to refer to "the white one [race] of northern Europe" (p. 267).
[27]
19th and 20th century: the "Caucasian race"
The study into race and ethnicity in the 18th and 19th centuries developed into what would later be termed
scientific racism. In his 1795 edition of
On the Natural Variety of Mankind,
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach named Europeans, Asians living west of the Obi River, Ganges River, and Caspian Sea, and people of North Africa, "Caucasian."
[28][29] During the period of the mid-19th to mid-20th century,
[30] race scientists, including most
physical anthropologists classified the world's populations into three, four, or five
races, which, depending on the authority consulted, were further divided into various sub-races. During this period the
Caucasian race, named after people of the
North Caucasus (
Caucasus Mountains)
but extending to all Europeans, figured as one of these races, and was
incorporated as a formal category of both scientific research and, in
countries including the United States, social classification.
[citation needed]
There was never any scholarly consensus on the delineation between
the Caucasian race, including the populations of Europe, and the
Mongoloid one, including the populations of East Asia. Thus,
Carleton S. Coon (1939) included the populations native to all of
Central and
Northern Asia under the Caucasian label, while
Thomas Henry Huxley (1870) classified the same populations as Mongoloid, and
Lothrop Stoddard (1920) classified as "
brown" most of the populations of the
Middle East,
North Africa
and Central Asia, and counted as "white" only the European peoples and
their descendants, as well as some populations in parts of
Anatolia and the northern areas of Morocco, Algeria And Tunisia.
[citation needed]
Some authorities
[who?], following Huxley (1870), distinguished the
Xanthochroi or "light whites" of Northern Europe with the
Melanochroi or "dark whites" of the Mediterranean.
[citation needed]
21st century
Alastair Bonnett has stated that, a strong "current of scientific
research supports the theory that Europeans were but one expression of a
wider racial group (termed sometimes Caucasian), a group that included
peoples from Asia and North Africa".
[31][32]
Bonnett, does, however, note that this is not a commonplace definition:
in Europe and North America the inclusion of non-Europeans is a
"technicality little favoured outside certain immigration bureaucracies
and traditional anthropology."
[31]
Racial categories remain widely used in medical research, but this
can create important problems. For example, researchers Raj Bhopal and
Liam Donaldson opine that since white people are a
heterogeneous group, the term
white
should therefore be abandoned as a classification for the purposes of
epidemiology and health research, and identifications based on
geographic origin and migration history be used instead.
[33]
Census and social definitions in different regions
| Regions with significant populations |
| The following countries or regions have a census
category for "white". Many other places have significant populations
which are considered white, but do not have such a category. |
 United States |
223,553,265[34] |
| Hispanic America |
144,496,999 |
 Russia |
113,545,521[35] |
 Brazil |
91,051,646[36] |
 United Kingdom |
54,153,898[37] |
 South Africa |
4,586,838[38] |
Definitions of white have changed over the years, including the
official definitions used in many countries, such as the United States
and Brazil.
[39]
Through the mid-to-late 20th century, numerous countries had formal
legal standards or procedures defining racial categories (see
cleanliness of blood,
apartheid in South Africa,
hypodescent).
Below are some census definitions of white, which may differ from the
social definition of white within the same country. The social
definition has also been added where possible.
Argentina
Argentina,
along with other areas of new settlement like Canada, Australia, New
Zealand or the United States, is considered a country of immigrants
where the vast majority originated from Europe.
[40] Although no official censuses based on ethnic classification have been carried out in
Argentina, some international sources state that White Argentines and other whites (
Europeans) in Argentina make up somewhere between 89.7%
[41] (around 36.7 million people) and 85.8%
[42]
(34.4 million) of the total population. White people can be found in
all areas of the country, but especially in the central-eastern region (
Pampas), the central-western region (
Cuyo), the southern region (
Patagonia) and the north-eastern region (
Litoral).
White Argentines are mainly descendants of
immigrants who came from Europe and the Middle East in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
[43][44]
After the regimented Spanish colonists, waves of European settlers came
to Argentina from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Major
contributors included
Italy (initially from
Piedmont, Veneto and
Lombardy, later from
Campania, Calabria, and
Sicily),
[45] and Spain (most are
Galicians and
Basques, but there are
Asturians,
Cantabrians,
Catalans, and
Andalusians). Smaller but significant numbers of immigrants include Germans, primarily
Volga Germans from
Russia, but also Germans from Germany, Switzerland, and
Austria; French which mainly came from the
Occitania region of France;
Portuguese, which already conformed an important community since colonial times; Slavic groups, most of which were
Croats,
Bosniaks,
Poles, but also
Ukrainians,
Belarusians,
Russians,
Bulgarians,
Serbs and
Montenegrins; Brits, mainly from England and
Wales; Irish who left from the Potato famine or British rule; Scandinavians from
Sweden, Denmark,
Finland, and
Norway; from the
Ottoman Empire came mainly
Armenians, and various
Semitic peoples such as
Syriacs-
Assyrians,
Maronites and
Arabs (from what are now of
Lebanon and
Syria).
Smaller waves of settlers from Australia and South Africa, and the
United States can be traced in Argentine immigration records.
The majority of Argentina's
Jewish population are
Ashkenazi Jews from
diaspora communities in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, and about 15–20% are
Sephardic communities from
Syria. Argentina is home to the fifth largest Ashkenazi Jewish community in the world. (See also
History of the Jews in Argentina).
By the 1910s, after immigration rates peaked, over 30 percent of the
country's population was from outside Argentina, and over half of
Buenos Aires' population was foreign-born.
[46][47]
However, the 1914 National Census revealed that around 80% of the
national population were either European immigrants, their children or
grandchildren.
[48]
Among the remaining 20 percent (those descended from the population
residing locally before this immigrant wave took shape in the 1870s),
around a third were white.
[49]
European immigration continued to account for over half the nation's
population growth during the 1920s, and was again significant (albeit in
a smaller wave) following
World War II.
[48]
It is estimated that Argentina received a total amount of 6.6 million
European and Middle-Eastern immigrants during the period 1857–1940.
[50]
White Argentinians, therefore, likely peaked as a percentage of the
national population at over 90% on or shortly after the 1947 census.
Since the 1960s, increasing immigration from bordering countries to the
north (especially from
Bolivia and
Paraguay, which have
Amerindian and
Mestizo majorities) has lessened that majority somewhat.
[48]
Criticism of the national census state that data has historically
been collected using the category of national origin rather than race in
Argentina, leading to undercounting
Afro-Argentines and
mestizos.
[51] África Viva (Living Africa) is a black rights group in
Buenos Aires with the support of the
Organization of American States, financial aid from the
World Bank
and Argentina's census bureau is working to add an "Afro-descendants"
category to the 2010 census. The 1887 national census was the final year
where blacks were included as a separate category before it was
eliminated by the government.
[52]
Australia
Badge produced in 1910 by the Australian Natives' Association,
comprising Australian-born whites. The group, which counted Prime
Minister Alfred Deakin as a member, promoted the
White Australia policy.
[53]
From 1788, when the
first British colony in Australia was founded, until the early 19th century, most immigrants to Australia were
English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish convicts. These were augmented by small numbers of free settlers from the
British Isles
and other European countries. However, until the mid-19th century,
there were few restrictions on immigration, although members of ethnic
minorities tended to be assimilated into the
Anglo-Celtic populations.
People of many nationalities, including many non-white people, emigrated to Australia during the
goldrushes of the 1850s. However, the vast majority was still white and the goldrushes inspired the
first racist activism and policy, directed mainly at
Chinese people.
From the late 19th century, the
Colonial/State and later
federal governments of Australia restricted all permanent immigration to the country by non-Europeans. These policies became known as the "
White Australia policy", which was consolidated and enabled by the
Immigration Restriction Act 1901,
[54] but was never universally applied. Immigration inspectors were empowered to ask immigrants to take dictation from any
European language
as a test for admittance, a test used in practice to exclude people
from Asia, Africa, and some European and South American countries,
depending on the political climate.
Although they were not the prime targets of the policy, it was not until after
World War II that large numbers of southern European and eastern European immigrants were admitted for the first time.
[55]
Following this, the White Australia Policy was relaxed in stages:
non-European nationals who could demonstrate European descent were
admitted (e.g., descendants of European colonizers and settlers from
Latin America or
Africa), as were
autochthonous inhabitants (such as
Maronites,
Assyrians and
Mandeans) of various nations from the Middle East, most significantly from
Lebanon and to a lesser degree
Iraq,
Syria and
Iran. In 1973, all immigration restrictions based on race and/or geographic origin were officially terminated.
Australia enumerated its population by race between 1911 to 1966, by
racial-origin in 1971 and 1976, and by (ethnic) origin since 1981.
[56]
Belize
In 1958, about 3,500 white
German speaking
Mennonites, who settled before in Canada and Russia, arrived in
Belize.
[57] They established communities in the upper reaches of the Belize River:
Blue Creek on the border with Mexico;
Shipyard,
Indian Creek in the district of
Orange Walk;
Spanish Lookout and
Barton Creek in the
Cayo District;
Little Belize,
Corozal District. They consist of 3.6 percent of the
population of Belize have their own schools, churches and financial institutions in their various communities.
[57]
Botswana
Brazil
Recent censuses in Brazil are conducted on the basis of
self-identification. According to the 2010 Census, they totaled
91,051,646 people, and made up 47.73% of the
Brazilian population.
[36]
This significant percentage change is considered to be caused by people
who used to identify themselves as White and now reappreciated their
African and/or Amerindian and/or East Asian ancestry, and so they
changed their self-identification to "Pardo" and "Asian".
White in Brazil is applied as a term to people of
European descent, and
Middle Easterners
of all ethnicities. The census shows a trend of fewer Brazilians of a
different descent (most likely mixed) identifying as white people as
their social status increases.
[58][59] Nevertheless, light-skinned
mulattoes and
mestizos with Caucasian features were also historically deemed as more closely related to the
branco Middle Easterner and European descendants' group than the
pardo "grayish-skinned"
[58]
multiracial one by a sort of unique social constructs, especially among
those multiracials with non-Portuguese European ancestry, and such
change of identities actually can mean more of a
westernization
of the concept of race in Brazil (mixed ancestry, as explained below,
is not a factor against in historical definitions of whiteness in
Brazil) than a change in the self-esteem of "marginalized and
unconscious multiracial populations trying to paint themselves as white
in a hopeful attempt to deny their unprivileged person of color status",
as
common sense among some Brazilians and foreigners is used to state.
Aside from Portuguese colonization, there were large waves of
immigration from Southern, Western, Northern, Central and Eastern
Europe, as well as the Balkans and the Middle East, in Brazil, the
fourth largest number of the Americas just after the United States,
Canada and Argentina. But these communities of European and Middle
Eastern descent also mostly have members with some Subsaharan African
and/or Amerindian ancestry nowadays, since not only the White population
of Portuguese origin which absorbed most of the descendants of the
immigrants via intermarriage carried them, but interracial marriages and
relationships in Brazil were common among most ethnic groups, all of
them after 2 or 3 generations in the country, with many White Brazilian
children being the offspring from Europeans or Middle Easterners and
afrodescendant multiracials or persons of Amerindian/East Asian origin.
Non-Portuguese ancestry generally is associated to an image of
"foreigner", "European", and as such contributed to achieving whiter
social perceptions in the color scale of the Brazilian society, even if
the person is noticeably of mixed origins.
Canada
In the results of
Statistics Canada's 2001
Canadian Census,
white is one category in the
population groups data variable, derived from data collected in question 19 (the results of this question are also used to derive the
visible minority groups variable).
[60]
In the 1995 Employment Equity Act, '"members of visible minorities"
means persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in
race or non-white in colour'. In the 2001 Census, persons who selected
Chinese, South Asian, African, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast
Asian, Arab, West Asian, Middle Eastern, Japanese or Korean were
included in the visible minority population.
[61] A separate census question on "cultural or ethnic origin" (question 17) does not refer to
skin color.
[62]
Chile
Scholarly estimates of the white population in Chile vary dramatically, ranging from 20%
[63] to 52%.
[64] According to a study by the
University of Chile about 30% of the Chilean population is Caucasian,
[65] while the 2011
Latinobarómetro survey shows that some 60% of Chileans consider themselves white.
[66]
During colonial times in the 18th century, an important flux of
emigrants from Spain populated Chile, mostly Basques, who vitalized the
Chilean economy and rose rapidly in the social hierarchy and became the
political elite that still dominates the country.
[67] An estimated 1.6 million (10%) to 3.2 million (20%) Chileans have a surname (one or both) of Basque origin.
[68]
The Basques liked Chile because of its great similarity to their native
land: similar geography, cool climate, and the presence of fruits,
seafood, and wine.
[69]
Chile was never an attractive place for European migrants in the 19th
and 20th century simply because it was far from Europe and difficult to
reach. Chile experienced a tiny but steady arrival of Spanish,
Italians, Irish,
French,
Greeks,
Germans, English,
Scots,
Croats,
Jewish, and
Palestinian migrants (in addition to immigration from other Latin American countries).
The original arrival of Spaniards was the most radical change in demographics due to the arrival of Europeans in Chile,
[69] since there was never a period of massive immigration, as happened in neighboring nations such as Argentina and Uruguay.
[70]
Facts about the amount of immigration do not coincide with certain
national chauvinistic discourse, which claims that Chile, like Argentina
or Uruguay, would be considered one of the "white" Latin American
countries, in contrast to the racial mixture that prevails in the rest
of the continent. However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a
major role in Chilean society.
[70]
Between 1851 and 1924 Chile only received the 0.5% of the European
immigration flow to Latin America, compared to the 46% received by
Argentina, 33% by Brazil, 14% by Cuba, and 4% by Uruguay. This was
because most of the migration occurred across the Atlantic before the
construction of the Panama Canal. Europeans preferred to stay in
countries closer to their homelands instead of taking the long trip
through the Straits of Magellan or across the Andes.
[69] In 1907, European-born immigrants composed 2.4% of the Chilean population,
[71] which fell to 1.8% in 1920,
[72] and 1.5% in 1930.
[73]
After the failed
liberal revolution of 1848 in the German states,
[70][74] a significant German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the
German-Chilean community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to "civilize" and colonize the southern region,
[70] these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss,
Silesians,
Alsatians and Austrians) settled mainly in
Valdivia,
Llanquihue and
Los Ángeles.
[75] The Chilean Embassy in Germany estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Chileans are
of German origin.
[76][77]
It is estimated that nearly 5% of the Chilean population is of Asian descent, chiefly from the Middle East, i.e.,
Israelis/Jews,
Palestinians,
Syrians, and
Lebanese, totalling around 800,000.
[78][79] Chile is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the
Levant.
[80] Roughly 500,000
Palestinian descendants are believed to reside in Chile, making it the home of the largest Palestinian community outside of the Middle East.
[81][82]
Another historically significant immigrant group is
Croatian. The number of their descendants today is estimated to be 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population.
[83][84] Other authors claim, on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population have some
Croatian ancestry.
[85] Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, Scottish or
Welsh) origin, 4.5% of Chile's population.
[86] Chileans of
Greek descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000.
[87] Most of them live either in the
Santiago area or in the
Antofagasta area, and
Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.
[88] The descendants of the
Swiss reach 90,000
[89] and it is estimated that about 5% of the
Chilean population has some
French ancestry.
[90] 184,000 are
descendants of Italians.
[91] Other groups of European descendants are found in smaller numbers.
Colombia
The census figures show how Colombians see themselves in terms of
race. The white Colombian population is approximately 25% to 37% of the
Colombian population, according to estimates,
[92][93] but in surveys and in the 2005 Census, 37% of the total population self identify as white.
[92] According to a
genetic research by the
National University of Colombia,
performed to more than 60,000 blood tests, concluded that Colombian
genetic admixture consists in a 70% European, 20% Amerindian, and 10%
African ancestry.
[94][95][96] White Colombians are mostly descendants of Spaniards. Italian, German, Irish, Portuguese, and Lebanese (
Arab diaspora in Colombia) Colombians are found in notable numbers
[citation needed]
Many Spanish began their explorations searching for gold, while
others Spanish established themselves as leaders of the native social
organizations teaching natives the Christian faith and the ways of their
civilization. Catholic priest would provide education for Native
Americans that otherwise was unavailable.
[97] Within 100 years after the first Spanish settlement, nearly 95 percent of all Native Americans in Colombia had died.
[97]
The majority of the deaths of Native Americans were the cause of
diseases such as measles and smallpox, which were spread by European
settlers.
[97] Many Native Americans were also killed by armed conflicts with European settlers.
[97]
Between 1540 and 1559, 8.9 percent of the residents of Colombia were
of Basque origin. It has been suggested that the present day incidence
of business entrepreneurship in the region of
Antioquia is attributable to the Basque immigration and Basque character traits.
[98] Few Colombians of distant Basque descent are aware of their Basque ethnic heritage.
[98]
In Bogota, there is a small colony of thirty to forty families who
emigrated as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War or because of
different opportunities.
[98] Basque priests were the ones that introduced handball into Colombia.
[99] Basque immigrants in Colombia were devoted to teaching and public administration.
[99]
In the first years of the Andean multinational company, Basque sailors
navigated as captains and pilots on the majority of the ships until the
country was able to train its own crews.
[99]
In December 1941 the United States government estimated that there were 4,000 Germans living in Colombia.
[100] There were some Nazi agitators in Colombia, such as Barranquilla businessman Emil Prufurt.
[100] Colombia invited Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave.
[100] SCADTA,
a Colombian-German air transport corporation which was established by
German expatriates in 1919, was the first commercial airline in the
western hemisphere.
[101]
The first and largest wave of immigration from the Middle East began
around 1880, and remained during the first two decades of the twentieth
century. They were mainly Maronite Christians from Greater Syria (Syria
and Lebanon) and Palestine, fleeing the then colonized Ottoman
territories.
[102] Syrians, Palestinians, and Lebanese continued since then to settle in Colombia.
[103]
Due to poor existing information it's impossible to know the exact
number of Lebanese and Syrians that immigrated to Colombia. A figure of
5,000-10,000 from 1880 to 1930 may be reliable.
[103] Whatever the figure, Syrians and Lebanese are perhaps the biggest immigrant group next to the Spanish since independence.
[103]
Those who left their homeland in the Middle East to settle in Colombia
left for different reasons such as religious, economic, and political
reasons.
[103]
Some left to experience the adventure of migration. After Barranquilla
and Cartagena, Bogota stuck next to Cali, among cities with the largest
number of Arabic-speaking representatives in Colombia in 1945.
[103] The Arabs that went to
Maicao were mostly
Sunni Muslim with some
Druze and
Shiites, as well as Orthodox and Maronite Christians.
[102] The mosque of
Maicao is the second largest mosque in Latin America.
[102] Middle Easterns are generally called
Turcos (Turkish).
[102]
Costa Rica
In 2009, Costa Rica had an estimated population of 4,509,290. White people (includes mestizo) make up 94%, 3% are
black people, 1% are Amerindians, and 1% are Chinese. White Costa Ricans are mostly of Spanish ancestry,
[104] but there are also significant numbers of Costa Ricans descended from British
Italian,
German, English,
Dutch, French, Irish,
Portuguese,
Lebanese and
Polish families, as well a sizable Jewish community.
[105]
Cuba
| Self-identified as white 1899–2012 Cuba Census[106][107][108] |
| Census year |
Population |
Percentage |
|
| 1899 |
1,067,354 |
66.9% |
| 1953 |
4,243,956 |
72.8% |
| 2002 |
7,271,926 |
65.05% |
| 2012 |
7,160,399 |
64.1% |
|
White people in Cuba make up 64.1% of the total population according to the 2012 census
[109][110] with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent. However, after the mass exodus resulting from the
Cuban Revolution
in 1959, the number of white Cubans actually residing in Cuba
diminished. Today various records claiming the percentage of whites in
Cuba are conflicting and uncertain; some reports (usually coming from
Cuba) still report a less, but similar, pre-1959 number of 65% and
others (usually from outside observers) report a 40–45%. Despite most
white Cubans being of Spanish descent, many others are of French,
Portuguese,
German, Italian and Russian descent.
[111] During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of
Canarians,
Catalans,
Andalusians,
Castilians, and
Galicians emigrated to Cuba. Also, one significant ethnic influx is derived from various Middle Eastern nations. Many
Jews have also immigrated there, some of them
Sephardic.
[112]
Between 1901 and 1958, more than a million Spaniards arrived to Cuba
from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after Castro's
communist
regime took power.
In 1958, it was estimated that approximately 74% of Cubans were of
European ancestry, mainly of Spanish origin, 10% of African ancestry,
15% of both African and European ancestry (mulattos), and a small 1% of
the population was Asian, predominantly Chinese. However, after the
Cuban revolution, due to a combination of factors, mainly mass
exodus
to Miami, United States, a drastic decrease in immigration, and
interracial reproduction, Cuba's demography has changed. As a result,
those of complete European ancestry and those of pure African ancestry
have decreased, the mulatto population has increased, and the Asian
population has, for all intents and purposes, disappeared.
The Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the
University of Miami says the present Cuban population is 38% white and 62% black/mulatto.
[113] The
Minority Rights Group International
says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans
remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic
studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of
people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously,
ranging from 33.9 per cent to 62 per cent".
[114][115]
According to the most recent 2012 census, Cuba's population was 11,167,325.
El Salvador
In 2013, white Salvadorans were a minority ethnic group in El
Salvador, accounting for 12.7% of the country's population. An
additional 86.3% of the population were mestizo, having mixed indigenous
and European ancestry.
[116]
Guatemala
In 2010, 18.5% of Guatemalans belonged to the white ethnic group, with 41.7% of the population being
mestizo, and 39.8% of the population belongng to the 23
Indigenous groups.
[117][clarification needed] It is difficult to make an accurate census of whites in
Guatemala, because the country categorizes all non-indigenous people are mestizo or
ladino and a large majority of white Guatemalans consider themselves as mestizos or ladinos.
[citation needed] By the 19th century the majority of immigrants were
Germans, many who were bestowed
fincas and coffee plantations in
Cobán, while others went to
Quetzaltenango and
Guatemala City. Many young Germans married
mestiza and
indigenous Q'eqchi' women, which caused a gradual whitening. There was also immigration of
Belgians to
Santo Tomas and this contributed to the mixture of
black and
mestiza women in that region.
[118]
Honduras
As of 2013, Hondurans of solely white ancestry are a small minority
in Honduras, accounting for 1% of the country's population. An
additional 90% of the population is
mestizo, having mixed indigenous and European ancestry.
[119]
Kenya
Mexico
White Mexicans are
Mexican citizens of predominantly
European
descent. Although Mexico does not have a racial census, some
international organizations believe that Mexican people of Spanish or
predominantly European descent make up approximately one-sixth (16.5%)
of the country's population.
[120] Another group in Mexico, the "
mestizos", also include people with varying amounts of European ancestry, with some having a European admixture superior to 90%.
[121]
Because of this, the line between whites and mestizos has become rather
blurted, and the Mexican government decided to abandon racial
classifications.
[122]
Europeans began arriving to Mexico with the
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, with the descendents of the
conquistadors,
along with new arrivals from Spain formed an elite but never a majority
of the population. Intermixing would produce a mestizo group which
would become the majority by the time of
Independence, but power remained firmly in the hands of the elite, called "
criollo."
While most of European or
Caucasian migration into Mexico was
Spanish during the colonial period, in the 19th and 20th centuries European and European derived populations from
North and
South America
did immigrate to the country. However, at its height, the total
immigrant population in Mexico never exceeded twenty percent of the
total.
[123]
Many of these immigrants came with money to invest and/or ties to allow
them to become prominent in business and other aspects of Mexican
society. However, due to government restrictions many of them left the
country in the early 20th century.
Mexico's northern regions have the greatest European population and
admixture. In the northwest, the majority of the relatively small
indigenous communities remain isolated from the rest of the population,
and as for the northeast, the indigenous population was eliminated by
early European settlers, becoming the region with the highest proportion
of whites during the
Spanish colonial period. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends.
[124]
The White population of central Mexico, despite not being as numerous
as in the north due to higher mixing, is ethnically more diverse, as
there are large numbers of other European and Middle Eastern ethnic
groups, aside from Spaniards. This also results in non-
Iberian surnames (mostly French, German, Italian and Arab) being more common in central Mexico, especially in the country's
capital and in the state of
Jalisco.
Namibia
Nicaragua
As of 2013, the white ethnic group in Nicaragua account for 17% of
the country's population. An additional 69% of the population is
mestizo, having mixed indigenous and European ancestry.
[125] In the 19th century,
Nicaragua was the subject of
central European immigration, mostly from
Germany,
England and the
United States, who often married native Nicaraguan women. Some
Germans were given land to grow coffee in
Matagalpa,
Jinotega and
Esteli, although most Europeans settled in
San Juan del Norte.
[126] In the late 17th century, pirates from
England,
France and
Holland mixed with the indigenous population and started a settlement at Bluefields (
Mosquito Coast).
[127]
Puerto Rico
Contrary to most other
Caribbean places,
Puerto Rico gradually became predominantly populated by European immigrants.
[129] Puerto Ricans of
Spanish and
Italian (primarily via
Corsica) descent comprise the majority.
(See: Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico).
In 1899, one year after the U.S invaded and took control of the island, 61.8% or 589,426 people self-identified as White.
[129] One hundred years later (2000), the total increased to 80.5% (3,064,862);
[130]
not because there has been an influx of whites toward the island (or an
exodus of non-White people), but a change of race conceptions, mainly
because of Puerto Rican elites to portray Puerto Rico's image as the
"white island of the Antilles", partly as a response to scientific
racism.
[132]
Hundreds are from
Corsica,
France,
Italy,
Portugal,
Lebanon,
Ireland,
Scotland, and
Germany, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain. This was the result of granted land from Spain during the
Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 (
Royal Decree of Graces of 1815), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land.
Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or color.
[citation needed] Racial categories therefore disappeared from the dominant discourse on the Puerto Rican nation. However, the
2000 census
included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico and, for
the first time in since 1950, allowed respondents to choose more than
one racial category to indicate mixed ancestry. (Only 4.2% chose two or
more races.) With few variations, the census of Puerto Rico used the
same questionnaire as in the U.S. mainland. According to census reports,
[which?]
most islanders responded to the new federally mandated categories on
race and ethnicity by declaring themselves "white"; few declared
themselves to be Black or some other race.
[133][not in citation given]
South Africa
White
Hollanders first arrived in South Africa around 1652.
[134][135]
By the beginning of the eighteenth century, some 2,000 Europeans and
their descendants were established in the region. Although these early
Afrikaners represented various nationalities, including German peasants and French
Huguenots, the community retained a thoroughly Dutch character.
[136]
The
British Empire seized
Cape Town in 1795 during the
Napoleonic Wars and
permanently acquired South Africa from Amsterdam in 1814. The
first British immigrants numbered about 4,000 and were introduced in 1820. They represented groups from
England,
Ireland,
Scotland, or
Wales and were typically more literate than the Dutch.
[136]
The discovery of diamonds and gold led to a greater influx of English
speakers who were able to develop the mining industry with capital
unavailable to Afrikaners.
[136] They have been joined in more subsequent decades by former colonials from elsewhere, such as
Zambia and
Kenya, and poorer British nationals looking to escape famine at home.
[136]
Both Afrikaners and English have been politically dominant in South Africa during the past; due to the controversial
racial order under
apartheid,
the nation's predominantly Afrikaner government became a target of
condemnation by other African states and the site of considerable
dissension between 1948 and 1991.
[134]
There were 4.6 million whites in South Africa in 2011,
[137][138] down from an all-time high of 5.2 million in 1995 following a wave of emigration commencing in the late 20th century.
[139]
Thailand
United Kingdom and Ireland
Historical white identities
Before the Industrial Revolutions in Europe whiteness may have been
associated with social status. Aristocrats may have had less exposure to
the sun and therefore a pale complexion may have been associated with
status and wealth.
[140]
This may be the origin of "blue blood" as a description of royalty, the
skin being so lightly pigmented that the blueness of the veins could be
clearly seen.
[141] The change in the meaning of white that occurred in the colonies (see
above) to distinguish Europeans from non-Europeans did not apply to '
home' countries (England, Ireland,
Scotland and
Wales). Whiteness therefore retained a meaning associated with social status. During the 19th century, when the
British Empire was at its peak, many of the
bourgeoisie and
aristocracy developed extremely
chauvinistic attitudes to those of lower social rank.
Edward Lhuyd discovered that
Welsh,
Gaelic,
Cornish and
Breton are all part of the same language family, which he called "
Celtic", and were distinct from the
Germanic English; this can be seen in context with 19th-century
romantic nationalism. On the other hand the discovery of
Anglo-Saxon
remains also led to a belief that the English were descended from a
distinct Germanic lineage that was fundamentally (and racially)
different from that of the
Celts. Early British anthropologists such as
John Beddoe and
Robert Knox
emphasised this distinction, and it was common to find texts that
claimed that Welsh, Irish and Scottish people are the descendants of the
indigenous more "primitive" inhabitants of the islands, while the
English are the descendants of a more advanced and recent "Germanic"
migration. Beddoe especially postulated that the Welsh and Irish people
are closer to the
Cro-Magnon, whom he also considered
Africanoid, and it was common to find references to the
swarthyness
of the skin of peoples from the west of the islands, by comparison to
the more pale skinned and blond English residing in the east. For
example
Thomas Huxley's
"On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of
Mankind" (1870) described Irish, Scots and Welsh peoples as a mixture of
"melanochroi" (melano—dark colored), and "xanthochroi", while the
English were "xanthochroi" (xanthro—yellow). Just as race reified
whiteness in the colonies, so capitalism without social welfare reified
whiteness with regards to social class in 19th-century Britain and
Ireland; this social distinction of whiteness became, over time,
associated with racial difference. For example George Sims in
How the poor live
(1883) wrote of "...a dark continent that is within easy reach of the
General Post Office... the wild races who inhabit it will, I trust, gain
public sympathy as easily as [other] savage tribes"
[142] and Count Gobineau in
The Inequality of Human Races wrote the following:
Every social order is founded upon three social classes, each of
which represents a racial variety: the nobility, a more or less accurate
reflection of the conquering race; the bourgeoisie composed of mixed
stock coming close to the chief race; and the common people who live in
servitude or at least in a very depressed position.[143]
Modern and official use
In the UK, the
Office for National Statistics uses the term
white as an ethnic category. The terms
White British,
White Irish,
White Scottish and
White Other
are used. These classifications rely on individuals'
self-identification, since it is recognised that ethnic identity is not
an objective category.
[144]
Socially, in the UK white usually refers only to people of native British, Irish and European origin.
[145] In 2011 87.2% of the British population identified themselves as white.
[146][147][148]
United States (except for Puerto Rico)
| United States Census 1790–2010[149][150] |
| Census Year |
Population |
% of the U.S |
|
| 1790 |
3,172,006 |
80.7 |
| 1800 |
4,306,446 |
81.1 |
| 1850 |
19,553,068 |
84.3 |
| 1900 |
66,809,196 |
87.9 |
| 1940 |
118,214,870 |
89.8 (highest) |
| 1950 |
134,942,028 |
89.5 |
| 1980 |
188,371,622 |
83.1 |
| 2000 |
211,460,626 |
75.1[151] |
| 2010 |
223,553,265 |
72.4[152] (lowest) |
The cultural boundaries separating
white Americans from other racial or ethnic categories are contested and always changing. Professor
David R. Roediger of the
University of Illinois,
suggests that the construction of the white race in the United States
was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.
[153] By the 18th century,
white had become well established as a racial term. According to
John Tehranian, among those not considered white at some points in American history have been: the
Germans,
Greeks,
white Hispanics,
Arabs,
Iranians,
Afghans,
Irish,
Italians,
Jews,
Slavs and
Spaniards.
[154] Still today the relationship between some ethnic groups and whiteness remains complex. In particular, some
Jewish and
Arab
individuals both self-identify and are considered as part of the White
American racial category, but others with the same ancestry feel they
are not white nor are they perceived as white by American society.
[155][156][157]
According to Frank Sweet "various sources agree that, on average,
people with 12 percent or less African admixture appear White to the
average American and those with up to 25 percent look ambiguous (with a
Mediterranean skin tone)".
[158]
The process of officially being defined as
white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of
citizenship. The Immigration Act of 1790 offered
naturalization
only to "any alien, being a free white person". In at least 52 cases,
people denied the status of white by immigration officials sued in court
for status as white people. By 1923, courts had vindicated a
"common-knowledge" standard, concluding that "scientific evidence" was
incoherent. Legal scholar John Tehranian argues that in reality this was
a "performance-based" standard, relating to religious practices,
education, intermarriage and a community's role in the United States.
[159]
In 1923, the
Supreme Court decided in
United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that people of Indian descent were not white men, and thus not eligible to citizenship.
[160] While Thind was a high caste
Hindu born in the northern
Punjab region and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Aryan race, the court conceded that he was not white or
Caucasian
since the word Aryan "has to do with linguistic and not at all with
physical characteristics" and "the average man knows perfectly well that
there are unmistakable and profound differences" between Indians and
white people.
[160] with an "intermixture of blood"
[160] from the "dark skinned
Dravidian". In
United States v. Cartozian
(1925), an Armenian immigrant successfully argued (and the Supreme
Court agreed) that his nationality was white in contradistinction to
other people of the Near East—Kurds, Turks, and Arabs in particular—on
the basis of their Christian religious traditions.
[161] In conflicting rulings
In re Hassan (1942) and
Ex parte Mohriez, United States District Courts found that Arabs did not, and did qualify as white under immigration law.
[162]
The current U.S. Census definition includes white "a person having origins in any of
Europe, the
Middle East or
North Africa."
[152]
The U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation
describes white people as "having origins in any of the original peoples
of
Europe, the
Middle East, or
North Africa through racial categories used in the
UCR
Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and
published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards,
U.S. Department of Commerce."
[163] The "white" category in the UCR includes non-black
Hispanics.
[164]
A report from the
Pew Research Center in 2008 projects that by 2050,
Non-Hispanic white Americans will make up 47% of the population, down from 67% projected in 2005.
[165] White Americans made up nearly 90% of the population in 1950.
[149]
One-third of Americans classified as "white" in a study contained
between two and twenty percent African genetic admixture, which can be
extrapolated to about 74 million whites in America with this admixture.
[166][167]
One drop rule
The
one drop rule–that a person with any amount of known
African ancestry (however small or invisible) is not white–is a
classification that was used in parts of the United States.
[168] It is a colloquial term for a set of laws passed by 18 US states between 1910 and 1931, many as a consequence of
Plessy v. Ferguson, a
Supreme Court decision that upheld the concept of
racial segregation by accepting a
separate but equal argument. The set of laws was finally declared unconstitutional in 1967, when the Supreme Court ruled on
anti-miscegenation laws while hearing
Loving v. Virginia, which also found that
Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924
was unconstitutional. The one drop rule attempted to create a
bifurcated system of either black or white regardless of a person's
physical appearance, but sometimes failed as people with African
ancestry sometimes
passed as "white", as noted above. This contrasts with the more flexible social structures present in Latin America (derived from the
Spanish colonial era
casta system) where there were less clear-cut divisions between various ethnicities.
As a result of centuries of having children with white people, the majority of African Americans have some European admixture,
[169] and many white people also have African ancestry.
[170][171] Robert P. Stuckert, member of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at
Ohio State University said that the majority of the descendants of African slaves are white.
[172] Writer and editor
Debra Dickerson questions the legitimacy of the one drop rule, stating that "easily one-third of black people have white DNA".
[173] She argues that in ignoring their European ancestry, African Americans are denying their fully articulated
multi-racial identities. The peculiarity of the one drop rule may be illustrated by the case of singer
Mariah Carey,
[174] who was publicly called "another white girl trying to sing black", but in an interview with
Larry King,
responded that—despite her physical appearance and the fact that she
was raised primarily by her white mother—due to the one drop rule she
did not "feel white".
[175][176]
Uruguay
Uruguayans and
Argentines
share closely related demographic ties. Different estimates state that
Uruguay's population of 3.4 million is composed of 88% to 93% white
Uruguayans.
[177][178] Uruguay's population is heavily populated by people of
European origin, mainly
Spaniards, followed closely by
Italians,
[179]
including numbers of French, Greek, Lebanese, Armenians, Swiss,
Scandinavians, Germans, Irish, Dutch, Belgians, Austrians, and other
Southern and Eastern Europeans which migrated to Uruguay in the late
19th century and 20th century.
[citation needed]
According to the 2006 National Survey of Homes by the Uruguayan
National Institute of Statistics: 94.6% self-identified as having a
white background, 9.1% chose Black ancestry, and 4.5% chose an
Amerindian ancestry (people surveyed were allowed to choose more than
one option).
[180]
Venezuela
Alberto Arvelo Torrealba author of Florentino y El Diablo which is considered as the most valuable work within the folklore of the Venezuelan people.
According to the 2011 National Population and Housing Census, 43.6%
of the Venezuelan population (approx. 13.1 million people) identify as
white.
[181][182] Genetic research by the
University of Brasilia shows an average admixture of 60.6% European, 23.0% Amerindian and 16.3% African ancestry in Venezuelan populations.
[183]
The majority of white Venezuelans are of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese
and German descent. Nearly half a million European immigrants, mostly
from Spain (as a consequence of the
Spanish Civil War),
Italy and Portugal, entered the country during and after World War II,
attracted by a prosperous, rapidly developing country where educated and
skilled immigrants were welcomed.
Spaniards were introduced into
Venezuela during the colonial period. Most of them were from
Andalusia,
Galicia,
Basque Country and from the
Canary Islands.
Until the last years of World War II, a large part of the European
immigrants to Venezuela came from the Canary Islands, and its cultural
impact was significant, influencing the development of Castilian in the
country, its gastronomy and customs. With the beginning of oil
operations during the first decades of the 20th century, citizens and
companies from the
United States,
United Kingdom and
Netherlands established themselves in Venezuela. Later, in the middle of the century, there was a new wave of originating immigrants from
Spain (mainly from Galicia, Andalucia and the Basque Country),
Italy (mainly from southern Italy and Venice) and
Portugal (from Madeira) and new immigrants from
Germany,
France,
England,
Croatia,
Netherlands, the
Middle East
and other European countries, among others, animated simultaneously by
the program of immigration and colonization implanted by the government.
[citation needed]
Zambia
Zimbabwe
See also
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ENLARGE
I was trying to make the point that it is counterproductive for white males to harm other races as well as all females of any race when they are white nationalists. I think unfortunately the rallying cry for white nationalists was political correctness since political correctness discriminates against all white males on earth by blaming them for everything even though it might have been ancestors 200 or more years ago who were at fault and white people today might be zero at fault for any of it. So, I think the Great Recession was the death blow to Political Correctness now that white males who don't have a college education were forced to vote for Trump as a last hope of financial survival the way things presently stand.
