The reason is all public water facilities nationwide in the U.S. are infected with Cryptosporidium at least one month every year (USually between August and October) even if the water is treated with Clorine or Flurine or Floride because none of these kill the resistant
Cryptosporidium
Which could be viewed I suppose as a form of giardia.
So, anyone with compromised immune systems like the elderly or people with HIV or others could literally die from drinking tap water (within 6 months) and being exposed to Cryptosporidium parasites. And if you are drinking well water
and that well water has been contaminated by cattle or deer or other animals you could also get giardia from untreated well water as well anywhere in the U.S.So, one way to guard against this problem throughout the U.S. is to get a Culligan or other reverse osmosis system with a tippet at your Kitchen sink. For example, this is the only thing we use for filling a kettle to make tea or coffee or any hot drink. We never drink direct tap water ever. And even the reverse osmosis tippet is my 2nd choice for anything I drink. My first choice is bottled Arrowhead water (because of it being spring water and I like the taste) or sometimes if I"m traveling I will buy Fiji Water or Glacier water from Canada or northern Europe. Or if I'm in Mt. Shasta I will go to a friend's well who lives higher on the mountain than the city of Mt. Shasta and get 5 gallons or more of his well water and drink that because it is the best.
So, staying alive (if you want to do that at any age) you don't want to be drinking tap water anywhere in the U.S. with a public water system because they all are contaminated with
Cryptosporidium
one or more months every year.
Parasites - Cryptosporidium (also known as "Crypto ...
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/index.html
Jan 12, 2017 - Cryptosporidium
is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal disease
cryptosporidiosis. Both the parasite and the disease are commonly known
as "Crypto." There are many species of Cryptosporidium that infect animals, some of which also infect humans.
CDC - Cryptosporidosis - General Information - Infection - General Public
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/gen_info/infect.html
Nov 2, 2010 - Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites, Cryptosporidium,
that can live in the intestine of humans and animals and is passed in
the stool of an infected person or animal. Both the disease and the
parasite are commonly known as "Crypto."
Cryptosporidium infection - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cryptosporidium/.../syc-20351870
Nov 30, 2016 - Cryptosporidium infection (cryptosporidiosis) is an illness caused by tiny, one-celled cryptosporidium parasites.
Cryptosporidium - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium
is a genus of apicomplexan parasitic alveolates that can cause a
respiratory and gastrointestinal illness (cryptosporidiosis) that
primarily involves watery diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis) with
or without a persistent cough (
Cryptosporidiosis Symptoms, Treatment & Causes - MedicineNet
https://www.medicinenet.com/cryptosporidiosis/article.htm
Cryptosporidium
| Cryptosporidium | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Cryptosporidium muris oocysts found in human feces. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | Sar |
| (unranked): | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Conoidasida |
| Subclass: | Coccidiasina |
| Order: | Eucoccidiorida |
| Genus: | Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907 |
| Species | |
|
Cryptosporidium andersoni Cryptosporidium bailey Cryptosporidium bovis Cryptosporidium cervine Cryptosporidium canis Cryptosporidium cuniculus Cryptosporidium ducismarci Cryptosporidium fayeri Cryptosporidium felis Cryptosporidium fragile Cryptosporidium galli Cryptosporidium hominis Cryptosporidium marcopodum Cryptosporidium meleagridis Cryptosporidium molnari Cryptosporidium muris Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium ryanae Cryptosporidium saurophilum Cryptosporidium serpentis Cryptosporidium suis Cryptosporidium ubiquitum Cryptosporidium viatorum Cryptosporidium wrairi Cryptosporidium xiaoi |
|
Treatment of gastrointestinal infection in humans involves fluid rehydration, electrolyte replacement, and management of any pain. As of January 2015, nitazoxanide is the only drug approved for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent hosts.[2] Supplemental zinc may improve symptoms,[2] particularly in recurrent or persistent infections or in others at risk for zinc deficiency. Cryptosporidium oocysts are 4–6 µm in diameter and exhibit partial acid-fast staining. They must be differentiated from other partially acid-fast organisms including Cyclospora cayetanensis.
Contents
General characteristics
Cryptosporidium causes cryptosporidiosis, an infection that may present as a diarrhoeal with or without a persistent cough in immunocompetent hosts.[1] Other apicomplexan pathogens include the malaria parasite Plasmodium and the toxoplasmosis parasite Toxoplasma. Unlike Plasmodium, which transmits via a mosquito vector, Cryptosporidium does not use an insect vector, and is capable of completing its lifecycle within a single host, resulting in cyst stages that are excreted in feces or through coughing fomites and are capable of transmission to a new host.[1][3]A number of Cryptosporidium species infect mammals. In humans, the main causes of disease are C. parvum and C. hominis (previously C. parvum genotype 1). C. canis, C. felis, C. meleagridis, and C. muris can also cause disease in humans.[3]
Cryptosporidiosis is typically an acute, short-term infection, can be recurrent through reinfection in immunocompetent hosts, and become severe or life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals. In humans, it remains in the lower intestine and may remain for up to five weeks.[3] The parasite is transmitted by environmentally hardy cysts (oocysts) that, once ingested, exist in the small intestine and result in an infection of intestinal epithelial tissue.[3] Transmission by ingestion or inhalation of coughed fomites is a second, less likely route of infection.[1]
The genome of Cryptosporidium parvum, sequenced in 2004, was found to be unusual amongst eukaryotes in that the mitochondria seem not to contain DNA.[4] A closely related species, C. hominis, also has its genome sequence available.[5]
Life cycle
Life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp.
Water treatment and detection
Many treatment plants that take raw water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs for public drinking water production use conventional filtration technologies. Direct filtration, which is typically used to treat water with low particulate levels, includes coagulation and filtration but not sedimentation. Other common filtration processes including slow sand filters, diatomaceous earth filters, and membranes will remove 99% of Cryptosporidium.[7] Membranes and bag- and cartridge-filter products remove Cryptosporidium specifically.Cryptosporidium is highly resistant to chlorine disinfection;[8] but with high enough concentrations and contact time, Cryptosporidium inactivation will occur with chlorine dioxide and ozone treatment. In general, the required levels of chlorine preclude the use of chlorine disinfection as a reliable method to control Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Ultraviolet light treatment at relatively low doses will inactivate Cryptosporidium. Water Research Foundation-funded research originally discovered UV's efficacy in inactivating Cryptosporidium.[9][10]
One of the largest challenges in identifying outbreaks is the ability to verify the results in a laboratory. The oocytes may be seen by microscopic examination of a stool sample, but they may be confused with other objects or artifacts similar in appearance.[11] Most cryptosporidia are 3–6 μm in size, although some reports have described larger cells.[11]
For the end consumer of drinking water believed to be contaminated by Cryptosporidium, the safest option is to boil all water used for drinking.[12][13]
Exposure risks
The following groups have an elevated risk of being exposed to Cryptosporidium:[citation needed]- People who swim regularly in pools with insufficient sanitation (certain strains of Cryptosporidium are chlorine-resistant)
- Child-care workers
- Parents of infected children
- People caring for other people with cryptosporidiosis
- Backpackers, hikers, and campers who drink unfiltered, untreated water
- People, including swimmers, who swallow water from contaminated sources
- People handling infected cattle
- People exposed to human feces
Other transmission routes include exposure to laboratory specimens.[15]
See also
- 1987 Carroll County Cryptosporidiosis outbreak
- 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak
- 1998 Sydney water crisis
- Escherichia coli
- Giardia lamblia
References
. PMID 24982322. Recent evidence indicates that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent children with cryptosporidial diarrhea and unexplained cough. Findings from animal models, human case reports, and a few epidemiological studies suggest that Cryptosporidium may be transmitted via respiratory secretions, in addition to the more recognized fecal-oral route. ... Upper respiratory cryptosporidiosis may cause inflammation of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, larynx, and trachea, accompanied by nasal discharge and voice change (54, 61, 62). Cryptosporidiosis of the lower respiratory tract typically results in productive cough, dyspnea, fever, and hypoxemia (63,–66). ... While fecal-oral transmission is indisputably the major route of infection, transmission via coughing and fomites is also possible in situations of close contact (20). ... Because they lacked gastrointestinal symptoms and oocyst excretion, the latter cases establish the possibility of primary respiratory infection with Cryptosporidium, which may have been acquired by inhalation of expectorated droplets or by contact with fomites. ... This finding suggests that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent individuals.
- Kenneth A. Borchardt; Michael A. Noble (25 June 1997). Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. CRC Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8493-9476-8.
Further reading
- White, A. Clinton, Jr. "Cryptosporidiosis". In Mandell, G et al., eds., Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th edition; Elsevier, 2005, pp 3215–28.
- Upton, Steve J. (2003-09-12). "Basic Biology of Cryptosporidium" (Website). Kansas State University: Parasitology Laboratory.
- "The Taxonomicon & Systema Naturae" (Website database). Taxon: Genus Cryptosporidium. S.J. Brands (Compiler). Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2000.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (March 2001). "Cryptosporidium: Drinking Water Advisory" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2013 EPA reference: EPA-822-R-01-009
- World Health Organisation (2009). "Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2013 WHO reference: WHO/HSE/WSH/09.04
External links
Infection may improve with nutritional supplementation, particularly with regimens including zinc or glutamine. ... Nitazoxanide significantly shortens the duration of diarrhea and can decrease the risk of mortality in malnourished children.[22] Trials have also demonstrated efficacy in adults.[26, 27] ... Symptomatic therapy includes replacement of fluids, provision of appropriate nutrition, and treatment with antimotility agents. ... Replacement of fluids and electrolytes is the critically important first step in the management of cryptosporidiosis, particularly in patients with large diarrheal losses. Fluids should include sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and glucose.
. PMID 2339894.. PMID 2416782.
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