Monday, September 30, 2013

Wikipedia: Timeline of Historical Inventions

Timeline of historic inventions

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The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg is widely regarded as the most influential event of the modern era.[1]
The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.
Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a more practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first known working version of the invention is used here.

Prehistoric

Note that the dates in the Paleolithic era are approximate and refer to the earliest discovered use of an invention, and may change as new research is created and older sites are found.

1st millennium BC (BCE)

7th century BC

6th century BC


With the Greco-Roman trispastos ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.[28]

5th century BC

3rd century BC


An illustration depicting the papermaking process in Han Dynasty China.

2nd century BC (BCE)


The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.[55] Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD).
  • 2nd century BC: Finery forge in Han Dynasty China, finery forges were used to make wrought iron at least by the 2nd century BC in ancient China, based on the archaeological findings of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) site at Tieshengguo.[56]
  • 2nd century BC: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50 – AD 121) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.[57]

1st century BC (BCE)

1st millennium AD (CE)

1st century

2nd century

3rd century


Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.[79][80][81]

4th century

5th century

6th century

7th century

  • 7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True porcelain was manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[105]

9th century


A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.
  • 9th century: Playing cards in Tang Dynasty China: The first reference to the card game in world history dates no later than the 9th century, when the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang, written by Su E described players enjoying the "leaf game" in 868.[111][112]
  • 9th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.[113] In India, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number by the 9th century, even in case of division.[113][114]

10th century

  • 10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang.[115]
  • 10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China: Fireworks first appeared in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.[116]

2nd millennium

11th century

12th century

  • 1119: Mariner's compass (wet compass) in Song Dynasty China: The earliest recorded use of magnetized needle for navigational purposes at sea is found in Zhu Yu's book Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119 (written from 1111 to 1117).[119][124][125][126][127][128][129] The typical Chinese navigational compass was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water.[130] The familiar mariner's dry compass which used a pivoting needle suspended above a compass-card in a glass box was invented in medieval Europe no later than 1300.[131]

13th century

  • 1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history was by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who used an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.[132]
  • 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy[133]
  • 13th century: Dominoes in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin written during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368).[134] Dominoes first appeared in Italy during the 18th century, and although it is unknown how Chinese dominoes developed into the modern game, it is speculated that Italian missionaries in China may have brought the game to Europe.[135]
  • 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin Dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs were used in 1221 by the Jin Dynasty against a Song Dynasty city.[136] The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in 13th century in China and were called "thunder-crash bombs,"[137] coined during a Jin Dynasty naval battle in 1231.[138]
  • 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppressed the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase was used.[139]

14th century

15th century


The oldest known parachute is depicted in this anonymous Italian manuscript dated to the 1470s.[141]

16th century

17th century


A 1609 title page of the German Relation, the world's first newspaper (first published in 1605)[146][147]

18th century

19th century

1800s

1820s

  • 1822 The pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like a shaper) is completed by Thomas Blanchard for the U.S. Ordnance Dept. The lathe could copy symmetrical shapes and was used for making gun stocks, and later, ax handles. The lathe's patent was in force for 42 years, the record for any U.S. patent.[152][153]
  • 1826: Friction Match: John Walker[154]

1830s

1870s

1880s

20th century

  • 1903: First manually controlled, fixed wing, motorized aircraft takes place in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by Orville and Wilbur Wright. First modern fixed wing aircraft.

1910s

  • 1915: The tank was invented by Ernest Swinton,[158] although the British Royal Commission on Awards recognised a South Australian named Lance de Mole who had submitted a proposal to the British War Office, for a 'chain-rail vehicle which could be easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough ground and trenches' complete with extensive drawings in 1912[159]

1920s

1940s

  • December 1947: The Transistor, used in almost all modern electronic products was invented in December 1947 by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the supervision of William Shockley. Subsequent transistors became steadily smaller, faster, more reliable, and cheaper to manufacture, leading to a revolution in computers, controls, and communication.

1950s

1970s

  • 1972: The first video game console, used primarily for playing video games on a TV, is the Magnavox Odyssey.[162]

1980s

1990s

See also

Footnotes

  1. Jump up ^ See People of the Millennium for an overview of the wide acclaim. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown. In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium. The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era.
  2. Jump up ^ Harvard Gazette, Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species
  3. Jump up ^ Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter
  4. Jump up ^ Earliest evidence of art found
  5. Jump up ^ Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World's Oldest Spears
  6. Jump up ^ Mazza, P; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini, M; Giachi, G; Landucci, F; Lemorini, C et al. (2006). "A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed". Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (9): 1310. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006. |displayauthors= suggested (help)
  7. Jump up ^ Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins
  8. Jump up ^ Scott Elias (12 September 2012). Origins of Human Innovation and Creativity. Elsevier. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-444-53821-5. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  9. Jump up ^ Wadley L, Sievers C, Bamford M, Goldberg P, Berna F, Miller C. (2011). Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa. Science 9 December 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6061 pp. 1388-1391
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Backwell L, d'Errico F, Wadley L.(2008). Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35:1566-1580. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006
  11. Jump up ^ Jennifer Viegas (31 March 2008). "Early Weapon Evidence Reveals Bloody Past". Discovery News.
  12. Jump up ^ Balter, M. (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". Science 325 (5946): 1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a. PMID 19745126.
  13. Jump up ^ Kvavadze, E, Bar-Yosef, O, Belfer-Cohen, A, Boaretto, E, Jakeli, N, Matskevich, Z, Meshveliani, T. (2009). "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers". Science 325 (5946): 1359. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144.
  14. Jump up ^ 'Oldest musical instrument' found, Pallab Ghosh, BBC News, June 25, 2009. Accessed on line August 26, 2009.
  15. Jump up ^ Small, Meredith F. (April 2002). "String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years. (At The Museum)". Natural History. 111.3: 14(2)
  16. Jump up ^ "Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered." Associated Press. 2009-06-01
  17. Jump up ^ Piotr Bienkowski; Alan Millard (15 April 2010). Dictionary of the Ancient Near East. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8122-2115-2. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  18. Jump up ^ Loewe (1968), 170–171.
  19. Jump up ^ Deng, Gang. (1997). Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29212-4, p. 22.
  20. Jump up ^ Miriam T. Stark (15 April 2008). Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4051-5303-4. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  21. Jump up ^ Mary Schoeser (28 May 2007). Silk. Yale University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-300-11741-7.
  22. Jump up ^ Jared Diamond "The Third Chimpanzee"
  23. Jump up ^ Karen Radner; Eleanor Robson (22 September 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-19-955730-1. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  24. Jump up ^ Per Enghag (11 March 2008). Encyclopedia of the Elements. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146. ISBN 978-3-527-61234-5. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  25. Jump up ^ Steven Roger Fischer (4 April 2004). History of Writing. Reaktion Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-86189-167-9. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  26. Jump up ^ Paul Johnson (3 November 1999). The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt. HarperCollins. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-06-019434-5. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  27. Jump up ^ Turfa, J. MacIntosh; Steinmayer, A. G. (1999): "The Earliest Foresail, on Another Etruscan Vase", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 292-296 (295)
  28. Jump up ^ Hans-Liudger, Dienel; Wolfgang, Meighörner (1997): "Der Tretradkran", Technikgeschichte series, 2nd ed., Deutsches Museum, München, p. 13
  29. Jump up ^ Coulton, J. J. (1974): "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 94, pp. 1–19 (7, 16)
  30. Jump up ^ Frankel, Rafael (2003): "The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 1–21 (17–19)
  31. Jump up ^ Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138–163 (159)
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Wagner (2001), 7, 36–37, 64–68.
  33. Jump up ^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 30.
  34. Jump up ^ Gernet (1996), 69.
  35. Jump up ^ Wagner (1993), 335.
  36. Jump up ^ Pigott (1999), 177.
  37. Jump up ^ Wagner (1993), 153, 157–158.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b Campbell, Duncan B. (2003): Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BC–AD 363, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ISBN 978-1-84176-634-8, pp. 3ff.
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b Schellenberg, Hans Michael (2006): "Diodor von Sizilien 14,42,1 und die Erfindung der Artillerie im Mittelmeerraum", Frankfurter Elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde, Vol. 3, pp. 14–23 (18f.)
  40. Jump up ^ Pigott, Vincent C. (1999). The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 0-924171-34-0, p. 191.
  41. Jump up ^ Wagner, Donald B. (2001). The State and the Iron Industry in Han China. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing. ISBN 87-87062-83-6, pp. 75–76.
  42. Jump up ^ http://donwagner.dk/cice/cice.html Cast Iron in China and Europe retrieved 2010 Dec 10
  43. Jump up ^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan; Donald J. Kagay; Theresa M. Vann (1998). On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O'Callaghan. BRILL. p. 179. ISBN 978-90-04-11096-0. "Developed in China between the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, it reached the Mediterranean by the sixth century CE" |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  44. Jump up ^ Beckmann, Martin (2002): "The 'Columnae Coc(h)lides' of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius", Phoenix, Vol. 56, No. 3/4, pp. 348–357 (354)
  45. Jump up ^ Ruggeri, Stefania (2006): "Selinunt", Edizioni Affinità Elettive, Messina, ISBN 88-8405-079-0, p. 77
  46. Jump up ^ Lewis, M. J. T. (1994): "The Origins of the Wheelbarrow", Technology and Culture, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 453–475
  47. Jump up ^ Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101)
  48. Jump up ^ Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen", Antike Welt, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46)
  49. Jump up ^ Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal", Skyllis, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35, 39)
  50. Jump up ^ B. H. M. W. Bohingamuwa (2000): "The water regulation technology of ancient Sri Lankan reservoirs: The Bisokotuwa sluice", p164.
  51. Jump up ^ Oleson, John Peter (2000): "Water-Lifting", in: Wikander, Örjan: "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology", Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 217–302 (233)
  52. Jump up ^ http://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/06/science/ancient-smelter-used-wind-to-make-high-grade-steel.html John Noble Wilford, "Ancient Smelter Used Wind To Make High-Grade Steel", New York Times, 6 February 1996.
  53. Jump up ^ Pigott (1999), 183–184.
  54. Jump up ^ Athenaeus of Naucratis: "Deipnosophistae", V 204c–d
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b Casson, Lionel (1995): "Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World", Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-5130-8, pp. 243–245
  56. Jump up ^ Pigott (1999), 186.
  57. Jump up ^ Buisseret (1998), 12.
  58. Jump up ^ O’Connor, Colin: Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-39326-4, p. 171
  59. Jump up ^ Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995): "I ponti romani", Vol. 1, Edizioni Canova, Treviso, ISBN 88-85066-66-6, pp. 429–437
  60. Jump up ^ Smith, Norman (1971): "A History of Dams", Peter Davies, London, ISBN 978-0-432-15090-0, pp. 25–49 (33–35)
  61. Jump up ^ Schnitter, Niklaus (1978): "Römische Talsperren", Antike Welt, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 25–32 (31f.)
  62. Jump up ^ Schnitter, Niklaus (1987): "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts", in: Garbrecht, Günther (ed.): Historische Talsperren, Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, Vol. 1, ISBN 3-87919-145-X, pp. 9–20 (12)
  63. Jump up ^ Schnitter, Niklaus (1987): "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer", Garbrecht, Günther (ed.): Historische Talsperren, Vol. 1, Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-87919-145-X, pp. 75–96 (80)
  64. Jump up ^ Hodge, A. Trevor (2000): "Reservoirs and Dams", in: Wikander, Örjan: Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 331–339 (332, fn. 2)
  65. Jump up ^ Wikander, Örjan (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (396f.)
  66. Jump up ^ Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002): "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52, pp. 1–17 (11)
  67. Jump up ^ Wilson, Andrew (2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy", The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 92, pp. 1–32 (7f.)
  68. Jump up ^ Wikander, Örjan (1985): "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report", History of Technology, Vol. 10, pp. 151–179 (160)
  69. Jump up ^ Wikander, Örjan (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (396)
  70. Jump up ^ Schnitter, Niklaus (1987): "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer", in: Garbrecht, Günther (ed.): Historische Talsperren, Vol. 1, Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-87919-145-X, pp. 57–74 (59–62)
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  73. Jump up ^ Schiöler, Thorkild (2009): "Die Kurbelwelle von Augst und die römische Steinsägemühle", Helvetia Archaeologica, Vol. 40, No. 159/160, pp. 113–124 (113f.)
  74. Jump up ^ Basch, Lucien (2001): "La voile latine, son origine, son évolution et ses parentés arabes", in: Tzalas, H. (ed.): Tropis VI, 6th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia 1996 proceedings, Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 55–85 (63)
  75. Jump up ^ Casson, Lionel (1954): "The Sails of the Ancient Mariner", Archaeology, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 214–219
  76. Jump up ^ Whitewright, Julian (2009): "The Mediterranean Lateen Sail in Late Antiquity", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 97–104
  77. Jump up ^ James, Patrick; Chanson, Hubert (2002): "Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs", Australian Civil Engineering Transactions, Vol. CE43, pp. 39–56
  78. Jump up ^ Hodge, A. Trevor (2000): "Reservoirs and Dams", in: Wikander, Örjan: Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 331–339 (332)
  79. ^ Jump up to: a b Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138–163 (140, 161)
  80. ^ Jump up to: a b Grewe, Klaus (2009): "Die Reliefdarstellung einer antiken Steinsägemaschine aus Hierapolis in Phrygien und ihre Bedeutung für die Technikgeschichte. Internationale Konferenz 13.−16. Juni 2007 in Istanbul", in: Bachmann, Martin (ed.): Bautechnik im antiken und vorantiken Kleinasien, Byzas, Vol. 9, Ege Yayınları/Zero Prod. Ltd., Istanbul, ISBN 978-975-8072-23-1, pp. 429–454 (429)
  81. ^ Jump up to: a b Grewe, Klaus (2010): "La máquina romana de serrar piedras. La representación en bajorrelieve de una sierra de piedras de la antigüedad, en Hierápolis de Frigia y su relevancia para la historia técnica (translation by Miguel Ordóñez)", in: Las técnicas y las construcciones de la Ingeniería Romana, V Congreso de las Obras Públicas Romanas, pp. 381–401
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  84. Jump up ^ Wilson, Andrew (1995): "Water-Power in North Africa and the Development of the Horizontal Water-Wheel", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 8, pp. 499–510 (507f.)
  85. Jump up ^ Wikander, Örjan (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 371–400 (377)
  86. Jump up ^ Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002): "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52, pp. 1–17 (13)
  87. Jump up ^ Oleson, John Peter (2000): "Water-Lifting", in: Wikander, Örjan: "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology", Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, ISBN 90-04-11123-9, pp. 217–302 (235)
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  98. Jump up ^ Hunter (1978), 207.
  99. Jump up ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, pp. 607–609
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  104. Jump up ^ Gernet (1962), 80.
  105. Jump up ^ Wood (1999), 49.
  106. Jump up ^ Jack Kelly Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Perseus Books Group: 2005, ISBN :0465037224, 9780465037223: pp. 2-5
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  108. Jump up ^ Needham (1987), Volume 5, Part 7, 70–73, 120–124.
  109. Jump up ^ Gernet (1996), 311.
  110. Jump up ^ Day & McNeil (1996), 785.
  111. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 131–132.
  112. Jump up ^ Lo (2000), 390.
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  118. Jump up ^ Gernet (1996), 335.
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  120. Jump up ^ Day & McNeil (1996), 70.
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  123. Jump up ^ Ebrey (1999), 144.
  124. Jump up ^ Gernet (1962), 77.
  125. Jump up ^ Sivin (1995), III, 21–22.
  126. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 279.
  127. Jump up ^ Elisseeff (2000), 296.
  128. Jump up ^ Gernet (1996), 328.
  129. Jump up ^ Day & McNeil (1996), 636.
  130. Jump up ^ Kreutz, p. 373
  131. Jump up ^ Frederic C. Lane, “The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 68, No. 3. (Apr., 1963), p.615ff.
  132. Jump up ^ Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 175–176, 192.
  133. Jump up ^ Vincent Ilardi, Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 2007), page 5.
  134. Jump up ^ Lo (2000), 401.
  135. Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle (2 April 2009). Encyclopedia of Play. SAGE. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
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  144. Jump up ^ Stimson, Alan (1985): "The Mariner's Astrolabe. A Survey of 48 Surviving Examples", UC Biblioteca Geral, Coimbra, p. 576
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  146. ^ Jump up to: a b World Association of Newspapers: "Newspapers: 400 Years Young!"
  147. ^ Jump up to: a b Weber, Johannes (2006): "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe", German History, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 387–412 (396f.)
  148. Jump up ^ McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14792-1.
  149. Jump up ^ http://archives.theiet.org/about/Arclamps/arclamps.htm
  150. Jump up ^ Andreas Luch (2009). Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 3-7643-8335-6.
  151. Jump up ^ http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/trevithic_loco/
  152. Jump up ^ Thomson, Ross (2009). Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9141-0.
  153. Jump up ^ Hounshell 1984, p. 35
  154. Jump up ^ "John Walker's Friction Light". BBC. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  155. Jump up ^ Charles R. Geisst (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of American Business History. Infobase Publishing. p. 425. ISBN 978-1-4381-0987-9. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  156. Jump up ^ "The History of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph". Library of Congress.
  157. Jump up ^ Quick, D. (1970). "A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus". Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. RANSUM-1-70. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  158. Jump up ^ Quigley, Carroll (1966). Tragedy And Hope. New York: MacMillan. p. 232.
  159. Jump up ^ Coulthard-Clark, Christopher D., Australian Dictionary of Biography, online edition, http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080298b.htm, retrieved on 26 August 2008
  160. Jump up ^ Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 factsheet, Idaho National Laboratory
  161. Jump up ^ Fifty years ago in December: Atomic reactor EBR-I produced first electricity American Nuclear Society Nuclear news, November 2001
  162. Jump up ^ "The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information", Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science (journal), 332(6025), 60-65; free access to the article through here martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
  163. Jump up ^ EP 689208 "Method for block oriented addressing" – for block layouts see columns 1 and 2
  164. Jump up ^ "Tim Berners Lee - Time 100 People of the Century". Time Magazine. Retrieved 17 May 2010. "He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free. ."
  165. Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "Pre-W3C Web and Internet Background". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved April 21, 2009.

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External links

This page was last modified on 30 September 2013 at 23:01.

end quote from:
Timeline of historic inventions

Of all these inventions the most interesting to me is the timing of the transistor to within 6 months after the Roswell crash in New Mexico of the UFO there. Corso in his definitive book, "The Day After Roswell" also says the computers (computer chips) we are presently using now were reverse engineered from chips found on board the Roswell craft. 

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