Killed an Missing by Country in World War I

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WORLD WAR I

ArticleOverviewTimelineKey FactsCauses and EffectsMediaAdditional Info

ARTICLE CONTENTS

• Introduction
• The outbreak of war
  • Forces and resources of the combatant nations in 1914
  • Technology of war in 1914
• The initial stages of the war
  • Initial strategies
    • The Schlieffen Plan
    • Eastern Front strategy, 1914
    • The strategy of the Western Allies, 1914
  • The war in the west, 1914
    • The German invasion
    • The First Battle of the Marne
  • The Eastern and other fronts, 1914
    • The war in the east, 1914
    • The Serbian campaign, 1914
    • The Turkish entry
    • The war at sea, 1914–15
    • The loss of the German colonies
• The years of stalemate
  • Rival strategies and the Dardanelles campaign, 1915–16
  • The Western and Eastern fronts, 1915
    • The Western Front, 1915
    • The Eastern Front, 1915
  • Other fronts, 1915–16
    • The Caucasus, 1914–16
    • Mesopotamia, 1914–April 1916
    • The Egyptian frontiers, 1915–July 1917
    • Italy and the Italian front, 1915–16
    • Serbia and the Salonika expedition, 1915–17
  • Major developments in 1916
    • The Western Front, 1916
    • The Battle of Jutland
    • The Eastern Front, 1916
    • German strategy and the submarine war, 1916–January 1917
    • Peace moves and U.S. policy to February 1917
  • Developments in 1917
    • The Western Front, January–May 1917
    • The U.S. entry into the war
    • The Russian revolutions and the Eastern Front, March 1917–March 1918
    • Greek affairs
    • Caporetto
    • Mesopotamia, summer 1916–winter 1917
    • Palestine, autumn 1917
    • The Western Front, June–December 1917
    • The Far East
    • Naval operations, 1917–18
    • Air warfare
    • Peace moves, March 1917–September 1918
• The last offensives and the Allies’ victory
  • The Western Front, March–September 1918
  • Other developments in 1918
    • Czechs, Yugoslavs, and Poles
    • Eastern Europe and the Russian periphery, March–November 1918
    • The Balkan front, 1918
    • The Turkish fronts, 1918
    • Vittorio Veneto
    • The collapse of Austria-Hungary
  • The final offensive on the Western Front
    • The end of the German war
    • The Armistice
  • Killed, wounded, and missing

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Killed, wounded, and missing

The casualties suffered by the participants in World War I dwarfed those of previous wars: some 8,500,000 soldiers died as a result of wounds and/or disease. The greatest number of casualties and wounds were inflicted by artillery, followed by small arms, and then by poison gas. The bayonet, which was relied on by the prewar French Army as the decisive weapon, actually produced few casualties. War was increasingly mechanized from 1914 and produced casualties even when nothing important was happening. On even a quiet day on the Western Front, many hundreds of Allied and German soldiers died. The heaviest loss of life for a single day occurred on July 1, 1916, during the Battle of the Somme, when the British Army suffered 57,470 casualties.

Sir Winston Churchill once described the battles of the Somme and Verdun, which were typical of trench warfare in their futile and indiscriminate slaughter, as being waged between double or triple walls of cannons fed by mountains of shells. In an open space surrounded by masses of these guns large numbers of infantry divisions collided. They fought in this dangerous position until battered into a state of uselessness. Then they were replaced by other divisions. So many men were lost in the process and shattered beyond recognition that there is a French monument at Verdun to the 150,000 unlocated dead who are assumed to be buried in the vicinity.

This kind of war made it difficult to prepare accurate casualty lists. There were revolutions in four of the warring countries in 1918, and the attention of the new governments was shifted away from the grim problem of war losses. A completely accurate table of losses may never be compiled. The best available estimates of World War I military casualties are assembled in Table 4.

Armed forces mobilized and casualties in World War I*

*As reported by the U.S. War Department in February 1924. U.S. casualties as amended by the Statistical Services Center, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Nov. 7, 1957.
country	total mobilized forces	killed and died	wounded	prisoners and missing	total casualties	percentage of mobilized forces in casualties
Allied and Associated Powers
Russia	12,000,000	1,700,000	4,950,000	2,500,000	9,150,000	76.3
British Empire	8,904,467	908,371	2,090,212	191,652	3,190,235	35.8
France	8,410,000	1,357,800	4,266,000	537,000	6,160,800	73.3
Italy	5,615,000	650,000	947,000	600,000	2,197,000	39.1
United States	4,355,000	116,516	204,002	4,500	323,018	8.1
Japan	800,000	300	907	3	1,210	0.2
Romania	750,000	335,706	120,000	80,000	535,706	71.4
Serbia	707,343	45,000	133,148	152,958	331,106	46.8
Belgium	267,000	13,716	44,686	34,659	93,061	34.9
Greece	230,000	5,000	21,000	1,000	27,000	11.7
Portugal	100,000	7,222	13,751	12,318	33,291	33.3
Montenegro	50,000	3,000	10,000	7,000	20,000	40.0
total	42,188,810	5,142,631	12,800,706	4,121,090	22,064,427	52.3
Central Powers
Germany	11,000,000	1,773,700	4,216,058	1,152,800	7,142,558	64.9
Austria-Hungary	7,800,000	1,200,000	3,620,000	2,200,000	7,020,000	90.0
Turkey	2,850,000	325,000	400,000	250,000	975,000	34.2
Bulgaria	1,200,000	87,500	152,390	27,029	266,919	22.2
total	22,850,000	3,386,200	8,388,448	3,629,829	15,404,477	67.4
Grand total	65,038,810	8,528,831	21,189,154	7,750,919	37,468,904	57.5

Similar uncertainties exist about the number of civilian deaths attributable to the war. There were no agencies established to keep records of these fatalities, but it is clear that the displacement of peoples through the movement of the war in Europe and in Asia Minor, accompanied as it was in 1918 by the most destructive outbreak of influenza in history, led to the deaths of large numbers. It has been estimated that the number of civilian deaths attributable to the war was higher than the military casualties, or around 13,000,000. These civilian deaths were largely caused by starvation, exposure, disease, military encounters, and massacres.

John Graham Royde-SmithThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

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