- The Manis Mastodon site ... The pollen found in ... The Manis Mastodon Site remains the oldest archaeological site on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State and ...
Manis Mastodon Site
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|
Manis Mastodon Site
|
|
 |
|
|
Drawing of a mastodon skeleton by Rembrandt Peale
|
|
| Nearest city | Sequim, Washington |
|---|---|
| NRHP Reference # |
78002736 [1] |
| Added to NRHP | March 21, 1978 |
History
In an excavated layer above the mastodon, as well as that of a 6,700-year-old deposit of ash from the eruption of Mount Mazama, a projectile-point was found in the style of Coastal Olcott points common in the area no earlier than 9,000 years ago.[9]
The site also turned up remains of caribou, bison, and plant macrofossils.[10] Bones of the bison showed evidence of butchering by humans.[11] The pollen found in the same layer as the mastodon was predominantly sedge and cattail, while other layers contained that of plants ranging from Canadian buffaloberry, blackberry and wild rose, to willow and alder.[12]
Gustafson continued to excavate at the site for eight years, finding the partial remains of two more mastodons. Though stone tools and artifacts of bone were found, Gustafson failed to find evidence of an encampment by the people theorized to have butchered the mastodons.[13]
Prior to the excavation at the Manis site, which was dated to around 12,000 years old,[14] archaeological sites west of the Cascade Range considered to be "early" were aged between 9,000 and 6,000 years old.[15]
During the years of excavation, Clare and Emanuel Manis welcomed over 50,000 visitors to the site. In 1978, when the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places, Senator Henry M. Jackson made the announcement.[13] In 2002, on the 25th anniversary of the discovery, Manis' widow donated the site to the National Archaeological Conservancy.[4] The fossil remains of the mastodon were donated to the Museum & Arts Center in Sequim and are now on display. A casting of the bone projectile point is also on display.
In Oct. 2011, CT scans and DNA tests performed at the Center of the Study of the First Americans (CSFA), Anthropology Department at Texas A&M University published findings about the spear point. The CT scans clearly established the spear point had been sharpened to a needle point by human hands. The DNA tests dated the Manis site at 13,800 years old. Since the 1950s, archaeologists have believed the Clovis people were the first human inhabitants of North America and that they lived here 13,000 years ago. However the discovery of sites pre-dating Clovis, such as Monte Verde in Chile and Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, have been challenging this presumption at least since the 1990s.[16] The Manis Mastodon Site is 800 years older than the Clovis people. This site, among others, is helping to change the long-held beliefs of many archaeologists about the earliest human inhabitants of North America. The Manis Mastodon Site remains the oldest archaeological site on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State and one of the oldest in North America.
In November 2011, Shirley Manis, daughter of discoverer Emanuel Manis, authored the first and only children's picture book about the Manis Mastodon Site, which includes the most recent research analysis.[17]
References
- Shirley Manis, In a Scoop of Dirt - How Digging a Pond Changed North America's Prehistory, 2011.
Sources
- Barton, Miles (2002). Prehistoric America: A Journey through the Ice Age and Beyond, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09819-7.
- Bergland, Eric O.; Marr, Jerry (1988). Prehistoric Life on the Olympic Peninsula: The First Inhabitants of Great American Wilderness, Pacific Northwest National Parks and Forests Association, ISBN 0-914019-19-8.
- Daugherty, Richard D. Manis Mastodon Site (Clallam County, Washington), National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form. National Park Service. On file at the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington and at the National Park Service, Washington, DC.
- Gustafson, Carl E.; Gilbow, Delbert; Daugherty, Richard D. (1979). The Manis Mastodon Site: Early Man on the Olympic Peninsula, Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 3:157-164.
- Kirk, Ruth; Daugherty, Richard D. (1978). Exploring Washington Archaeology, University of Washington Press, ISBN 0-295-95630-5.
- Kirk, Ruth; Daugherty, Richard D. (2007). Archaeology in Washington, University of Washington Press, ISBN 0-295-98696-4.
- McMillan, Alan Daniel (1999). Since the Time of the Transformers: The Ancient Heritage of the Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah, UBC Press, ISBN 0-7748-0701-6.
- Manis, Shirley (2011). "In a Scoop of Dirt - How Digging a Pond Changed North America's Prehistory", Manis, ISBN 978-0-9839286-0-7.
- Meltzer, David J. (2009) First Peoples in a New World : Colonizing Ice Age America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
|
||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|coauthors= (help)
No comments:
Post a Comment