The revolution Putin wants to ignore
Photos: Russian Revolution
Vladimir
Ilyich Lenin addresses a crowd in Moscow. As leader of the Bolsheviks,
he presided over the October Revolution that ousted the provisional
government and established the foundation of Communist rule under what
became the Soviet Union.
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Photos: Russian Revolution
A room in the Czar's Winter Palace after being ransacked by Bolshevik troops during the Russian Revolution.
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Photos: Russian Revolution
The
1927 film "October" re-enacts the Bolshevik fighters overthrowing the
Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky in the courtyard of the
Winter Palace in Petrograd on November 7, 1917.
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Photos: Russian Revolution
This
year marks the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution, an event
that helped shape the 20th century. In 1917, masses gathered in Nevsky
Prospekt during what became known as the February Revolution in the
Russian capital Petrograd (now known as St. Petersburg).
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Photos: Russian Revolution
The
royal family of Russia, the Romanovs, at Tsarskoye Selo, Russia circa
1916-1917. In March of 1917, Czar Nicholas II of the Russian royal
family abdicated the throne. He, his wife and their children were
executed following the Bolshevik takeover of Russia.
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2 of 6
Photos: Russian Revolution
The
aftermath of armed demonstrations, also know as July Days, against the
Russian Provisional Government on Nevsky Avenue in Petrograd, Russia.
Hide Caption
3 of 6
Photos: Russian Revolution
Vladimir
Ilyich Lenin addresses a crowd in Moscow. As leader of the Bolsheviks,
he presided over the October Revolution that ousted the provisional
government and established the foundation of Communist rule under what
became the Soviet Union.
Hide Caption
4 of 6
Photos: Russian Revolution
A room in the Czar's Winter Palace after being ransacked by Bolshevik troops during the Russian Revolution.
Hide Caption
5 of 6
Photos: Russian Revolution
The
1927 film "October" re-enacts the Bolshevik fighters overthrowing the
Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky in the courtyard of the
Winter Palace in Petrograd on November 7, 1917.
Hide Caption
6 of 6
Photos: Russian Revolution
This
year marks the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution, an event
that helped shape the 20th century. In 1917, masses gathered in Nevsky
Prospekt during what became known as the February Revolution in the
Russian capital Petrograd (now known as St. Petersburg).
Hide Caption
1 of 6
Photos: Russian Revolution
The
royal family of Russia, the Romanovs, at Tsarskoye Selo, Russia circa
1916-1917. In March of 1917, Czar Nicholas II of the Russian royal
family abdicated the throne. He, his wife and their children were
executed following the Bolshevik takeover of Russia.
Hide Caption
2 of 6
Photos: Russian Revolution
The
aftermath of armed demonstrations, also know as July Days, against the
Russian Provisional Government on Nevsky Avenue in Petrograd, Russia.
Hide Caption
3 of 6
Story highlights
- Emily Parker: This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution, a defining event of the 20th century.
- Russia's President Putin is refraining from celebrating the revolution, writes Emily Parker
- But Project 1917, which was founded to create social media forums about the revolution, is allowing Russians to celebrate it, she writes
Emily Parker is the author of "Now I Know Who My Comrades Are: Voices From the Internet Underground" and a former member of the Policy Planning staff at the US State Department. The opinions expressed in this commentary are hers.
(CNN)Russian President Vladimir Putin would rather ignore the Russian revolution, which marks its 100th anniversary
this year. But in the Internet age, it's impossible to erase history.
Ordinary Russians are commemorating the revolution on social media, the
last platform for free expression in Russia.
Why
is Putin worried about something that happened 100 years ago? For
starters, Russia's strongman does not want to draw attention to a
popular uprising that toppled an empire.
The Russian revolution was, in fact, two revolutions. The February Revolution of 1917 bought
down Czar Nicholas II and ushered in a period of liberal reforms.
Months later, in what is known as the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks
overthrew the provisional government. The October Revolution
led to years of civil war and ultimately, to the creation of the Soviet
Union. (The 100th anniversary of the "October revolution" actually
occurs in November due to the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars.)
The Russian Revolution was one of the defining events of the 20th century. Yet Putin reportedly told his advisers that it would be unnecessary to commemorate the anniversary. There was no national holiday to mark the beginning of the uprising. Russian television followed the Kremlin's lead in playing down the event.
Emily Parker
But Russian social media users refused to observe the official silence.
The journalist and author Mikhail Zygar founded Project 1917,
which creates daily social media feeds featuring the statements of
those who lived through the events a century ago. You can follow
revolutionary figures like Lenin
and Trotsky on Facebook, Instagram, VKontakte (the Russian version of
Facebook) as well as on the Project 1917 app and Web site, which has an English version. The project describes itself as "The best social network in history: all the users died a long time ago."
Project
1917's content comes from diaries and other historical documents,
converted into social media posts. The posts span the events of 1917, covering the February Revolution, the October Revolution and all the turmoil in between.
Czar
Nicholas II abdicated the throne as a result of the February
Revolution, and he and his family were executed the following year. What
did he do in the meantime? In August, the deposed czar posted a status update in which he took a pleasant walk, learned he was being sent away to an unknown location, and also read some Sherlock Holmes:
"It was a wonderful day, and we took a walk with a great deal of
pleasure. After lunch I learned that we are being sent, not to the
Crimea, but to one of the distant provincial towns three or four days'
journey to the east. But where I could not learn. The Palace Commander
does not know. We all tried to guess. We chopped down and knocked over a
large fir tree in the clearing near the path. There was a short, warm
storm. During the evening I read aloud A Study in Scarlet by C. Doyle."
Project 1917 has journalistic roots. Zygar is founding editor-in-chief
of the independent media outlet Dozhd. He wanted to start Project 1917
because he was he was tired of covering Putin's official line. "The
current news agenda sometimes looks like, as (US President) Trump says,
fake news," he said in an interview. "A lot of events that have to be
covered by Russian news media have nothing to do with reality."
Hundred-year-old
history, by contrast, has valuable lessons for the present. Project
1917 aims to change the way history is learned. Russian history tends to
focus on the rulers, not the people. Zygar explains that Russians learn
about emperors, secretaries general of the Communist Party and
presidents, not ordinary people. This approach can make people feel that
they can not influence their political situation, and that "it's up to
President Putin to decide."
Project
1917 doesn't simply broadcast history: it also provides a forum for
Russians to have conversations about the past. People can discuss posts
by musicians, artists and journalists. A post from the poet Marina
Tsvetaeva says: "politics is perhaps even more passionate than passion
itself."
Zygar stresses that the project is about ordinary people, not just those in power. Alexander Zamaraev, a peasant, observed:
"Heat. The earth is like a stone. Nothing grows." Everyone matters.
More broadly, Zygar says, "this project is against the stereotype that
Russia's destiny is to be a dictatorship, that Russia's destiny is to be
an empire. No, that's not true. We had a lot of people who were
fighting for Russia's democracy and freedom, and we can be proud of that
as well."
It's not hard to understand why Putin would not like this historical interpretation. Earlier this year opposition protests swept across Russia, and Putin has shown little tolerance for dissent.
This
is not to say, however, that Russia today is reminiscent of 1917.
Today's economic conditions, for one, are not nearly as bad. "As
Bolsheviks were saying 100 years ago, workers do not have anything to
lose but their chains. Now workers have their cars and plasma TV sets
and mobile phones," Zygar says.
Nor is Russia's main opposition figure, Alexey Navalny, a modern-day Lenin. Navalny is a blogger and anti-corruption activist who intends to run for president of Russia in 2018. Navalny sparked protests by making a viral YouTube video alleging that Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev had secret riches,
including palaces and yachts. "Lenin was much more about comforting the
afflicted, while Navalny is more about afflicting the comfortable," Sam
Greene, director of the Russia Institute at King's College London,
explained in an interview.
Still,
1917 poses a narrative challenge for the Kremlin. How do you frame this
momentous event? The Bolshevik revolution led to civil war and later to
the terror of Joseph Stalin, whose legacy remains controversial
in Russia. Some people remember the Soviet Union fondly, others see it
as a dark period. Open debate could spark divisions in society.
So
for now, Project 1917 will have to live on the Internet. Zygar says
that this kind of project simply couldn't happen in the traditional
media. A major television channel approached Project 1917 about doing a
show based on its content, but then apparently got scared.
"Those
in power are quite conservative, they consider television to be the
method to control minds...We don't have any quality newspapers, we don't
have any normal TV channels," Zygar says. "All the independent
journalism is on the Internet. All the investigations, all the real
news, all the really important issues are discussed there."
Project
1917 has hundreds of thousands of followers on the social network
VKontakte, proving that social media remains a relatively free oasis in
an increasingly repressive environment.
But for how long? Since the opposition protests of 2011
and 2012, largely organized on social media, Putin has been cracking
down on the Internet. Authorities can block web sites, for example,
without a court order. A state-friendly oligarch took over VKontakte. Just last month Putin banned virtual private networks,
which can be used as circumvention tools enabling Russians to see
censored Web sites. Project 1917 is not blocked, probably because it is
not calling people into the streets.
But
as Project 1917 demonstrates, social media is not simply a tool for
sparking street demonstrations. It also helps ensure that history will
not be forgotten.
The Russian Revolution won't be televised, but it will be discussed.
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