List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of
molecules that have been detected in the
interstellar medium and
circumstellar envelopes, grouped by the number of component
atoms. The
chemical formula is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed.
Detection
The molecules listed below were detected by
spectroscopy. Their spectral features are generated by transitions of component
electrons between different energy levels, or by rotational or vibrational spectra. Detection usually occurs in
radio,
microwave, or
infrared portions of the spectrum.
[1]
Interstellar molecules are formed by chemical reactions within very
sparse interstellar or circumstellar clouds of dust and gas. Usually
this occurs when a molecule becomes ionized, often as the result of an
interaction with a
cosmic ray.
This positively charged molecule then draws in a nearby reactant by
electrostatic attraction of the neutral molecule's electrons. Molecules
can also be generated by reactions between neutral atoms and molecules,
although this process is generally slower.
[2] The dust plays a critical role of shielding the molecules from the ionizing effect of ultraviolet radiation emitted by stars.
[3]
History
The
chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang,
13.8 billion years ago, during a habitable epoch when the
Universe was only 10–17 million years old.
[4][5]
The first carbon-containing molecule detected in the interstellar medium was the
methylidyne radical (CH) in 1937.
[6]
From the early 1970s it was becoming evident that interstellar dust
consisted of a large component of more complex organic molecules (COMs),
[7] probably polymers.
Chandra Wickramasinghe proposed the existence of polymeric composition based on the molecule
formaldehyde (H
2CO).
[8] Fred Hoyle and
Chandra Wickramasinghe
later proposed the identification of bicyclic aromatic compounds from
an analysis of the ultraviolet extinction absorption at 2175A.,
[9] thus demonstrating the existence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in space.
In 2004, scientists reported
[10] detecting the
spectral signatures of
anthracene and
pyrene in the
ultraviolet light emitted by the
Red Rectangle nebula
(no other such complex molecules had ever been found before in outer
space). This discovery was considered a confirmation of a hypothesis
that as nebulae of the same type as the Red Rectangle approach the ends
of their lives, convection currents cause carbon and hydrogen in the
nebulae's core to get caught in stellar winds, and radiate outward.
[11]
As they cool, the atoms supposedly bond to each other in various ways
and eventually form particles of a million or more atoms. The scientists
inferred
[10] that since they discovered
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) — which may have been vital in the formation of early life on
Earth — in a nebula, by necessity they must originate in nebulae.
[11]
In 2010,
fullerenes (or "
buckyballs") were detected in nebulae.
[12]
Fullerenes have been implicated in the origin of life; according to
astronomer Letizia Stanghellini, "It's possible that buckyballs from
outer space provided seeds for life on Earth."
[13]
In October 2011, scientists found using
spectroscopy that
cosmic dust contains complex
organic compounds ("amorphous organic solids with a mixed
aromatic-
aliphatic structure") that could be created naturally, and rapidly, by
stars.
[14][15][16] The compounds are so complex that their chemical structures resemble the makeup of
coal and
petroleum; such chemical complexity was previously thought to arise only from living organisms.
[14]
These observations suggest that organic compounds introduced on Earth
by interstellar dust particles could serve as basic ingredients for life
due to their
surface-catalytic activities.
[17][18]
One of the scientists suggested that these compounds may have been
related to the development of life on Earth and said that, "If this is
the case, life on Earth may have had an easier time getting started as
these organics can serve as basic ingredients for life."
[14]
In August 2012, astronomers at
Copenhagen University reported the detection of a specific sugar molecule,
glycolaldehyde, in a distant star system. The molecule was found around the
protostellarbinary IRAS 16293-2422, which is located 400 light years from Earth.
[19][20] Glycolaldehyde is needed to form
ribonucleic acid, or
RNA, which is similar in function to
DNA.
This finding suggests that complex organic molecules may form in
stellar systems prior to the formation of planets, eventually arriving
on young planets early in their formation.
[21]
In September 2012,
NASA scientists reported that PAHs, subjected to
interstellar medium (ISM) conditions, are transformed, through
hydrogenation,
oxygenation, and
hydroxylation, to more complex
organics — "a step along the path toward
amino acids and
nucleotides, the raw materials of
proteins and
DNA, respectively".
[22][23] Further, as a result of these transformations, the PAHs lose their
spectroscopic signature which could be one of the reasons "for the lack of PAH detection in
interstellar ice grains, particularly the outer regions of cold, dense clouds or the upper molecular layers of
protoplanetary disks."
[22][23]
PAHs are found everywhere in
deep space[24] and, in June 2013, PAHs were detected in the
upper atmosphere of
Titan, the largest
moon of the
planet Saturn.
[25]
In 2013, Dwayne Heard at the University of Leeds suggested
[26]
that quantum mechanical tunneling could explain a reaction his group
observed taking place, at a significantly higher than expected rate,
between cold (around 63
Kelvin)
hydroxyl and methanol molecules, apparently bypassing intramolecular
energy barriers which would have to be overcome by thermal energy or
ionization events for the same rate to exist at warmer temperatures. The
proposed tunneling mechanism may help explain the common observation of
fairly complex molecules (up to tens of atoms) in interstellar space.
A particularly large and rich region for detecting interstellar molecules is
Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2). This giant
molecular cloud lies near the center of the
Milky Way
galaxy and is a frequent target for new searches. About half of the
molecules listed below were first found near Sgr B2, and nearly every
other molecule has since been detected in this feature.
[27] A rich source of investigation for circumstellar molecules is the relatively nearby star
CW Leonis (IRC +10216), where about 50 compounds have been identified.
[28]
In March 2015, NASA scientists reported that, for the first time, complex
DNA and
RNA organic compounds of
life, including
uracil,
cytosine and
thymine, have been formed in the laboratory under
outer space conditions, using starting chemicals, such as
pyrimidine, found in
meteorites. Pyrimidine, like
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the most carbon-rich chemical found in the
Universe, may have been formed in
red giants or in
interstellar dust and gas clouds, according to the scientists.
[29]
Molecules
The following tables list molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium, grouped by the number of component
atoms.
If there is no entry in the Molecule column, only the ionized form has
been detected. For molecules where no designation was given in the
scientific literature, that field is left empty. Mass is given in
Atomic mass units. The total number of unique species, including distinct ionization states, is listed in parentheses in each section header.
Most of the molecules detected so far are
organic. Only one inorganic species has been observed in molecules which contain at least five atoms, SiH
4.
[30] Larger molecules have so far all had at least one carbon atom, with no N-N or O-O bonds.
[30]
Diatomic (43)
The
H3+ cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.
[2][69]
Triatomic (43)
Formaldehyde is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.
[98]
Four atoms (27)
Five atoms (18)
Six atoms (16)
Seven atoms (9)
Eight atoms (11)
Nine atoms (10)
A number of
polyyne-derived chemicals are among the heaviest molecules found in the interstellar medium.
Ten or more atoms (15)
Deuterated molecules (17)
These molecules all contain one or more
deuterium atoms, a heavier
isotope of
hydrogen.
Unconfirmed (13)
Evidence for the existence of the following molecules has been
reported in scientific literature, but the detections are either
described as tentative by the authors, or have been challenged by other
researchers. They await independent confirmation.
See also
References
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External links
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Molecules detected in outer space
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Molecules detected in outer space
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