Stingray
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the group of fish. For other uses, see Stingray (disambiguation).
| Stingrays Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Recent[1] |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Suborder: | Myliobatoidei |
| Families | |
Most stingrays have one or more barbed stingers (modified from dermal denticles) on the tail, which are used exclusively in self-defense. The stinger may reach a length of approximately 35 cm (14 in), and its underside has two grooves with venom glands.[3] The stinger is covered with a thin layer of skin, the integumentary sheath, in which the venom is concentrated.[4] A few members of the suborder, such as the manta and porcupine rays, do not have stingers.[5]
Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. Some species, such as Dasyatis thetidis, are found in warmer temperate oceans, and others, such as Plesiobatis daviesi, are found in the deep ocean. The river stingrays, and a number of whiptail stingrays (such as the Niger stingray), are restricted to fresh water. Most myliobatoids are demersal (inhabiting the next-to-lowest zone in the water column); but some, such as the pelagic stingray and the eagle rays, are pelagic.[6]
While most stingrays are relatively widespread and not currently threatened, for several species (for example Taeniura meyeni, D. colarensis, D. garouaensis, and D. laosensis), conservation status is more problematic, leading to their being listed as vulnerable or endangered by IUCN. The status of several other species are poorly known, leading to their being listed as Data Deficient.[7]
Contents
Behavior
Reproduction
When a male is courting a female, he will follow her closely, biting at her pectoral disc. He then places one of his two claspers into her valve.[10]Stingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in "litters" of five to 13. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine "milk".[11]
At the Sea Life London Aquarium, two female stingrays have delivered seven baby stingrays, although the mothers have not been near a male for two years. "Rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the timing is right".[12]
Diet
A stingray's diet includes small fish, snails, clams, and shrimp.[13]Stingray injuries
Main article: Stingray injury
A stingray's stinger (ruler in cm)
Fatal stings are very rare, but can happen,[14] most famously in the death of Steve Irwin, in which the stinger penetrated the thoracic wall, causing massive trauma.[19]
As food
Rays are edible, and may be caught as food using fishing lines or spears.[20] Stingray recipes abound throughout the world, with dried forms of the wings being most common. For example, in Malaysia and Singapore, stingray is commonly grilled over charcoal, then served with spicy sambal sauce. Generally, the most prized parts of the stingray are the wings (flaps is the proper terminology), the "cheek" (the area surrounding the eyes), and the liver. The rest of the ray is considered too rubbery to have any culinary uses.[21]
Sting ray teeth and jaws, on display at the American Museum of Natural History.
Ecotourism
Dasyatids are not normally visible to swimmers, but divers and snorkelers may find them in shallow, sandy waters, more so when the water is warm. In the Cayman Islands several dive sites called Stingray City, Grand Cayman, allow divers and snorkelers to swim with large southern stingrays (D. americana) and feed them by hand.[24] A "Stingray City" in the sea surrounding the Caribbean island of Antigua consists of a large, shallow reserve where the rays live, and snorkeling is possible, since the rays are used to the presence of humans.[25]
In Belize, off the island of Ambergris Caye, there is a popular marine sanctuary, Hol Chan, where divers and snorkelers often gather to watch stingrays and nurse sharks drawn to the area by tour operators who feed the animals.
Many Tahitian island resorts regularly offer guests the chance to "feed the stingrays and sharks". This consists of taking a boat to the outer lagoon reefs, then standing in waist-high water while habituated stingrays swarm around, pressing right up against tourists seeking food from their hands or that being tossed into the water. The boat owners also "call in" sharks, which, when they arrive from the ocean, swoop through the shallow water above the reef and snatch food offered to them.[26]
Other uses
The skin of the ray (same in Japanese) is used as an under layer for the cord or leather wrap (known as ito in Japanese) on Japanese swords due to its hard, rough, skin texture that keeps the braided wrap from sliding on the handle during use. They are also used to make exotic shoes, boots, belts, wallets, jackets, and cellphone cases.[27]Several ethnological sections in museums,[28] such as the British Museum, display arrowheads and spearheads made of stingray stingers, used in Micronesia and elsewhere.[29] Henry de Monfreid stated in his books that before World War II, in the Horn of Africa, whips were made from the tail of big stingrays, and these devices inflicted cruel cuts, so in Aden the British forbade their use on women and slaves. In former Spanish colonies, a stingray is called raya látigo ("whip ray").[30]
Monfreid also wrote in several places about men of his crew suffering stingray wounds while standing and wading into Red Sea shallows to load or unload smuggled wares: he wrote that to "save the man's life", searing the wound with a red-hot iron was necessary.[31]
-
Barbecued stingray is commonly served in Singapore and Malaysia
-
Stingray City in Grand Cayman allows swimmers, snorkelers, and divers to swim with and feed the stingrays
-
Stingray wallets
-
-
Stingray in shallows
Fossils
Although stingray teeth are rare on sea bottoms compared to the similar shark teeth, scuba divers searching for the latter do encounter the teeth of stingrays. Permineralized stingray teeth have been found in sedimentary deposits around the world, including fossiliferous outcrops in Morocco.[32]See also
References
- Heliobatis radians Stingray Fossil from Green River. Fossilmall.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-17.
Bibliography
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Dasyatidae" in FishBase. August 2005 version.
External links
- University of Pennsylvania Health System – Information on stingray poison.
- Life In The Fast Lane: Toxicology Conundrum #012
- "Beware the Ugly Sting Ray." Popular Science, July 1954, pp. 117–118/pp. 224–228.
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stingray. |
No comments:
Post a Comment