Wednesday, November 19, 2014

reprint of "Historic Floods in California"

I saw this was being read and realized this might be important to reprint again not only for the average person to understand how extreme flooding can get in California historically because of our extreme altitude changes in this state, but also emergency personnel should also familiarize themselves with these occurences because they could easily happen again at some point in the near or far future.

Remember, even though a state like Colorado has 14,000 foot elevations there too, they don't have likely any elevations below about 4000 feet. Whereas California has the tallest mountain in the lower 48 states, Mt. Whitney and goes all the way to sea level. A 14,000 foot drop in elevation creates some really bad conditions sometimes and I have seen some of them in person and barely survived some of them. For example, you don't want to be walking down any dry gorge in California in the deserts if you see rain clouds 50 miles in the distance, because an hour later or less you might be dead in that dry gorge. This is much worse if the rain clouds are over a mountain range that feeds that dry gorge or dry riverbed you are walking down.

Saturday, March 1, 2014

Historic Floods in California

If you have lived in California for very long you likely have noticed how the more evenly spaced light rains that have graced California since the 1950s until now (I have lived here off and on since 1952 when I was 4) are not around that much if at all.

Now days it is either extreme drought or extreme rain (over 2 inches at a time which is liable to cause at least some flooding in our state because of the extreme elevation changes in California compared to most of the rest of the U.S. East of the Mississippi River.

So, in sharing the floods historically in California I think it might be helpful for emergency personnel in our state to familiarize themselves with what has happened because it might be a harbinger of what is to come as well since we now have such extremes in our weather from Extreme droughts to 2 or more inches of rain coming in a day or two which likely will cause almost as much harm as the good it does in some areas ongoing.

Floods in California - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods_in_California‎

Wikipedia

All types of floods can occur in California, though 90% are caused by riverine flooding. Such flooding generally occurs as a result of excessive rainfall, excessive ...

Floods in California

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

All types of floods can occur in California, though 90% are caused by riverine flooding.^[1] Such flooding generally occurs as a result of excessive rainfall, excessive snowmelt, excessive runoff, levee failure or a combination of these sources. Below is a list of flood events that were of significant impact to California

1800–99

Los Angeles Flood of 1825

Changed the course of the Los Angeles River from its western outlet into Santa Monica Bay following the course of Ballona Creek to a southern outlet at San Pedro Bay near where it is today.^[2]

January 1850

In January 1850, a major flood devastated the new city of Sacramento; rain from heavy storms saturated the grounds upon which Sacramento was built, and the American and Sacramento rivers crested simultaneously.^[3]

Years closely following January 1850

Many floods occurred later in the city of Sacramento and other low lying cities along the Sierra born rivers due to hydraulic mining at locations in the foothills e.g. malakoff diggings in which sludge runoffs purportedly raised the river beds in the valley below, an additional 2 ft.
Hydraulic Gold mining became a hot topic for the time and was eventually stopped by Ca. Lawmakers. Malokoff diggings is now a State Park missing a whole mountain due to the massive water jets that can still be seen there. Well worth the visit. Camping allowed, the old city still stands.^[4]

December 1861 – January 1862: California's Great Flood

Main article: Great Flood of 1862

Beginning on December 24, 1861, and lasting for 45 days, the largest flood in California's recorded history was created, reaching full flood stage in different areas between January 9–12, 1862. The entire Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys were inundated for an extent of 300 miles (480 km), averaging 20 miles (32 km) in breadth. State government was forced to relocate from the capital in Sacramento for 18 months in San Francisco. The rain created an inland sea in Orange County, lasting about three weeks with water standing 4 feet (1.2 m) deep up to 4 miles (6 km) from the river.^[1] The Los Angeles basin was flooded from the San Gabriel Mountains to the Palos Verdes Peninsula, at variable depths, excluding the higher lands which became islands until the waters receded. The Los Angeles basin lost 200,000 cattle by way of drowning, as well as homes, ranches, farm crops & vineyards being swept-away.

1900–49

1909: California flood

The storm extended from Fort Ross on the coast to the Feather River basin. La Porte, in the Feather River basin, had 57.41 inches (1,458 mm) of rain in 20 days, an event with a return period of 12,000 years. The flood episodes of 1907 and 1909 in California resulted in an overhaul of planned statewide flood control designs.^[1]

December 1933 – January 1934: Crescenta Valley flood

Main article: La Crescenta-Montrose, California#The Great Flood of 1934

In the last week of December 1933, 12 inches (300 mm) of rain fell in the communities of La Crescenta, La Cañada and Montrose just north of Los Angeles. On New Year's Eve, more rain fell. The result was a flood of mud and water that began around midnight, destroying more than 400 homes in this area. This was commemorated in Woody Guthrie's song "Los Angeles New Year's Flood". As a result of this flood, the Army Corps of Engineers and the County of Los Angeles built a flood control system of catch basins and concrete storm drains to prevent a repeat of the disaster.

February 1937: Santa Ana flood

The storm of February 4–7, 1937 resulted in the highest four-day rainfall totals at several stations in the Santa Ana River basin. The Riverside North station had over 8 inches (200 mm) of rain in that four days, which equaled a 450-year event. Other stations also received high amounts of rain within those four days.^[1]

December 1937: Northeast California flood

The storm of December 1937 was a high-elevation event in the northeast corner of the state.^[1]

Los Angeles Flood of 1938

Two significant cyclones moved through the region; one between February 27 and March 1 and the second between March 1 and March 3. Over 254 mm (10.0 in) of rain had fallen during the five-day period. Massive debris flows moved out from the San Gabriel Mountains into the Los Angeles Basin. Although Los Angeles County experienced damage, Riverside and Orange counties bore the brunt of the flooding. A total of 5601 homes were destroyed, and an additional 1500 homes were left uninhabitable. The three transcontinental railroads connecting Los Angeles to the outside world experienced washed out bridges and flooded lines, isolating the city. Mail service after the flood was conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard. The death toll was 115. It was the region's worst flood since New Year's Day of 1934. The result of this flood was the Flood Control Act of 1941, which authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to build a series of concrete sewers.^[5]

1950–99

November 1950: California Flood

A statewide disaster was declared November 21 when floods caused 9 deaths and $32 million in damage.^[6]

December 1955: California flood

The storm affected the central Sierra and South Bay areas. The Eel River on the North Coast saw the greatest flow of record to that time while Central Valley rivers saw near-record flows. A statewide disaster was declared, with the storm resulting in 74 deaths and $200 million in economic losses. The heaviest 24-hour rainfall was recorded on December 20, when 15.34 inches (390 mm) fell in Shasta County.^[1] The storm's toll on Sutter County was severe. At 12:04 a.m. on December 24, 1955, a levee on the west bank of the Feather River, at Shanghai Bend, collapsed and a wall of water 21 feet high entered the county, flooding 90 percent of the City of Yuba City and the farmlands in the southern Yuba City basin. Some 600 people were rescued by helicopter, but 37 people drowned.^[7]

March 1964: North Coast California tsunami

The 1964 Alaska earthquake caused a tsunami in March, completely devastating several North Coast towns and resulting in 14 deaths and an economic loss of $14 million in Del Norte County alone.^[1]

December 1964: California flood

January 1982: Northern California flood

Heavy rainfall in the San Francisco Bay region triggered on January 3–5 triggered thousands of debris flows from Santa Cruz Country to Contra Costa and Sonoma Counties, as well as flooding along the San Lorenzo River, Soquel Creek, and Aptos Creek in Santa Cruz County. Floods along creeks in Marin County plus added significant amounts of sediment to Tomales Bay. The landslides caused at least $66 million in damage. Landslides caused 25 of the 33 storm-caused deaths. Total estimated storm-related losses were $280 million.^[8]

1986 California and Western Nevada floods

On February 11, 1986 a vigorous low pressure system drifted east out of the Pacific, creating a Pineapple Express^[9] that lasted through February 24 unleashing unprecedented amounts of rain on northern California and western Nevada.^[10] The nine-day storm over California constituted half of the average annual rainfall for the year.^[1] Record flooding occurred in three streams that drain to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay area.^[10] Extensive flooding occurred in the Napa and Russian rivers. Napa, north of San Francisco, recorded their worst flood to this time^[11] while nearby Calistoga recorded 29 inches (740 mm) of rain in 10 days, creating a once-in-a-thousand-year rainfall event.^[9] Records for 24-hour rain events were reported in the Central Valley and in the Sierra. One thousand-year rainfalls were recorded in the Sierras.^[1] The heaviest 24-hour rainfall ever recorded in the Central Valley at 17.60 inches (447 mm) occurred on February 17 at Four Trees in the Feather River basin.^[9] In Sacramento, nearly 10 inches (250 mm) of rain fell in an 11-day period.^[1] System breaks in the Sacramento River basin included disastrous levee breaks in the Olivehurst and Linda area on the Feather River.^[1] Linda, about 40 miles (64 km) north of Sacramento, was devastated after the levee broke on the Yuba River's south fork, forcing thousands of residents to evacuate.^[12] In the San Joaquin River basin and the Delta, levee breaks along the Mokelumne River caused flooding in the community of Thornton and the inundation of four Delta islands.^[1] Lake Tahoe rose 6 inches (150 mm) as a result of high inflow.^[10] The California flood resulted in 13 deaths, 50,000 people evacuated and over $400 million in property damage.^[1] 3000 residents of Linda joined in a class action lawsuit Paterno v. State of California, which eventually reached the California Supreme Court in 2004. The California high court affirmed the District Court of Appeal's decision that said California was liable for millions of dollars in damages.^[12]

January and March 1995: California flood

During the events of January and March 1995, over 100 stations recorded their greatest 1-day rainfalls in that station’s history. The major brunt of the January storms hit the Sacramento River Basin and resulted in small stream flooding primarily due to storm drainage system failures, though flooding affected nearly every part of the state. The Salinas River exceeded its previous measured record crest by more than four feet, which was within a foot or two of the reputed crest of the legendary 1862 flood. The Napa River set a new peak record, and the Russian and Pajaro rivers approached their record peaks. 28 people were killed and the flood cost $1.8 billion.^[1]

New Year's Day 1997: Northern California flood

A series of subtropical storms, collectively called a pineapple express, struck northern California from late December 1996 to early January 1997.^[1] December 1996 was one of the wettest Decembers on record.^[1] The Klamath River on California's North Coast experienced significant flooding which led to the river permanently changing course in some areas.^[13] The Klamath National Forest experienced its worst flood since 1974.^[13] Unprecedented flows from rain surged into the Feather River basin while melted snow surged into the San Joaquin River basin.^[13] Rain fell at elevations up to 11,000 feet (3,400 m), prompting snow melt.^[1]^[13] The Cosumnes River, a tributary to the San Joaquin River, bore the brunt of the flooding.^[13] Sacramento was spared, though levee failures flooded Olivehurst, Arboga, Wilton, Manteca, and Modesto.^[14] Massive landslides in the Eldorado National Forest east of Sacramento closed Highway 50.^[13] Damages totaled US$35 million (1997 dollars).^[13]
Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada were already saturated by the time three subtropical storms added more than 30 inches (760 mm) of rain in late December 1996 and early January 1997.^[1] Levee failures due to breaks or overtopping in the Sacramento River Basin resulted in extensive damages.^[1] In the San Joaquin River Basin, dozens of levees failed throughout the river system and produced widespread flooding.^[1] The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta also experienced several levee breaks and levee overtopping.^[1] 48 counties were declared disaster areas, including all 46 counties in northern California.^[1] Over 23,000 homes and businesses, agricultural lands, bridges, roads and flood management infrastructures – valued at about $2 billion – were damaged. Nine people were killed and 120,000 people were evacuated from their homes.^[1] 300 square miles (780 km²) were flooded, including the Yosemite Valley, which flooded for the first time since 1861-62.^[1]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y "Historic Rainstorms in California". California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
Jump up ^ William Deverell, Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2005, Page 101-102
Jump up ^ Thor Severson, Sacramento: An Illustrated History: 1839 to 1874, California Historical Society, 1973, Page 72
Jump up ^ Malakoff Diggings Wikipedia Reference
Jump up ^ SEMP: Evidence-based disaster management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation
Jump up ^ "Yolo County Disasters Since 1950". Yolo Operational Area Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
Jump up ^ County of Sutter, Office of Emergency Management
Jump up ^ Ellen, Stephen D.; & Wieczorek, Gerald F. (1988). "Landslides, floods, and marine effects of the storm of January 3–5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay Region, California". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1434. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "1986 Flood Disaster". Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Summary of Significant Floods in the United States, 1986". U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Kansas Water Science Center. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
Jump up ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_River_flood_of_1986
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "1986 Flood Victims To Get Millions". KCRA 3. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Aftermath of the 1997 Flood: Summary of a Workshop
Jump up ^ "Sacramento Flood Risk". Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency (SAFCA). Retrieved 2007-10-22.

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