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By Molly Bentley
in San Francisco
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Scientists have known for some time that the Earth's magnetic field is fading.
The field is mainly dipolar - but there are anomalies
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Like a Kryptonite-challenged Superman, its strength has steadily and
mysteriously waned, leaving parts of the planet vulnerable to increased
radiation from space.
Some satellites already feel the effects.
What is uncertain is whether the weakened field is on the way to a
complete collapse and a reversal that would flip the North and South
Poles.
Compasses pointing North would then point South.
It is not a matter of whether it will happen, but when, said scientists
who presented the latest research on the subject at a recent meeting of
the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.
But when is hard to pinpoint. The dipole reversal pattern is erratic.
"We can have periods without reversals for many millions of years, and
we can have four or five reversals within one million years," said Yves
Gallet, from Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France, who studies
the palaeomagnetic record and estimates that the current decay started
2,000 years ago.
Flip or flop
Over the last century and a half, since monitoring began, scientists have measured a 10% decline in the dipole.
At the current rate of decline it would take 1,500 to 2,000 years to disappear.
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SEAFLOOR RECORDER
As molten rock rises, spreads out and cools, magnetised minerals record field direction
Over millions of years, the seafloor rocks retain a 'barcode' of pole reversals
These pole reversal events may take perhaps 10,000 years to complete
The last major pole flip appears to have been about 780,000 years ago
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A particular weakness in the field has been observed off the coast of
Brazil in the so-called Southern Atlantic Anomaly. Here, eccentricities
in the Earth's core have caused a "dip" in the field, leaving it 30%
weaker than elsewhere.
The extra dose of radiation creates electronic glitches in satellites
and spacecraft that fly through it. Even the Hubble telescope has been
affected.
Magnetic reversals were always preceded by weakened magnetic fields,
said Dr Gallet, but not all weakened fields bring on a flip-flop.
The Earth's invisible shield could also grow back in strength. "Then
sometime, maybe 10,000 years from now, the dipole will decay again and
that will lead to a reversal," said Harvard physicist Jeremy Bloxham.
The theme was recently taken up by Hollywood in the movie The Core, in
which the Earth's core mysteriously stops spinning, effectively turning
off the electromagnetic field.
The movie is nonsense, scientists told BBC News Online, except that the
Earth's magnetic field is generated by activity deep inside it.
Iron record
The heat of the solid inner core keeps the molten cocktail of nickel and
iron churning in the outer core, which generates a magnetic field.
It is not known how the core behaves exactly, but scientists have a
general understanding of how electrical and fluid currents and magnetic
field lines all interact to produce the field we experience outside
Earth.
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If we had the equivalent of a space probe that went into the core and
made measurements for us, that would tell us a tremendous amount
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Imagine the magnetic field lines within the core "twisting like
spaghetti," said Peter L Olson, geophysics professor at Johns Hopkins
University.
As they wind and kink around each other, their interaction can accentuate the magnetic field or diminish it.
"Depending on how it's kinked," he said, "it can be helpful or harmful."
The last time the field lines kinked into a dipole reversal was 780,000 years ago.
By studying seafloor sediment and lava flows, scientists can reconstruct
the magnetic field patterns of the past. Iron in lava, for example,
points in the direction of the then-existing field and is frozen in that
orientation as the lava cools and hardens.
According to Dr Gallet, the oldest reversal that has been studied by
lava flows comes from Greenland, dated at 16 million years. The time
between reversals varies from a thousand to millions of years.
Global light show
So is the Earth about to flip? The safe bet may disappoint screenplay writers everywhere.
"Chances are we're not," said Dr Bloxham. "Reversals are rare events."
And they would certainly not threaten life on Earth as they do in
science fiction. Although there would be extra radiation exposure to
satellites and some airplanes, there would also be enough of a residual
field to provide protection to people, and certainly no more radiation
than what is observed at the poles, where the field lines currently dip.
Supercomputers have modelled the pole flipping process (Image: Los Alamos Nat Lab)
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But there would be some bizarre readjustment. Prior to Earth's poles
re-establishing themselves, a period of disorder would produce multiple
poles, according to Dr Bloxham, which may make backwoods camping tricky.
"Getting around using a magnetic compass would be a more complicated endeavour," he said.
A collapse would also produce a great increase in auroral activity - the
beautiful display of lights generated by solar particles that follow
the magnetic field lines down into the atmosphere.
And there would be plenty to time to grab a camera - the reversal is gradual.
This would give animals which use the magnetic field for navigation,
such as some birds, turtles and bees, time to reorient themselves.
"They'd go through many generations in the period in which the field was
entering the phase of reversal," said Dr Bloxham. "Presumably they
would learn new behaviour patterns to accommodate it."
Space within
As for the ozone layer - which was thought to be vulnerable without a
protective shield - the effects would be negligible unless there was a
super-solar proton event, said Charles H Jackman, an atmospheric
physicist at the US space agency's Goddard Flight Center, referring to
the high-energy radiation that can accompany solar flares.
The charged particles zinging down to Earth, said Dr Jackman, break
apart molecules of nitrogen, whose atoms go on to form nitric oxide,
which devours up ozone.
This happens all the time, but the effects would be increased during a magnetic reversal or diminished magnetic field.
Fluctuations and movement of field strength across the globe are recorded
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But he said scientists saw no significant change in ozone depletion due
to the Southern Atlantic Anomaly. In any case, the ozone layer would
bounce back quickly from the heavy solar bombardment, healing itself in
just two to three years, according to Dr Jackman.
This is not the timeline associated with anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons.
"Chlorofluorocarbons have a much longer lifetime in the atmosphere than
does the nitric oxide and its associated constituents," he said.
But all these scenarios are of an indeterminate future. The Earth's
interior will remain unexplored for a long time to come - only in
science fiction can humans or their equipment survive the 5,500 Celsius
temperature in the core to study its activity.
"If we had the equivalent of a space probe that went into the core and
made measurements for us, that would tell us a tremendous amount," said
Dr Bloxham. "Hollywood may be able to do these things, but we can't."
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Enlarge
A rendering of the three satellites the European Space Agency will launch in November to study the Earth's magnetic field and find out why it is weakening so significantly. (European Space Agency/Courtesy)
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