For hunter gatherers before there were farmers and cities, people knew first hand that having too many children often caused the end of one tribe after another because when you are a hunter gatherer there is only so much potential food in any one area.
However, when people went to farming:
According to this particular site farming began about 12,000 years ago;
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around 12,000 years ago
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When farming began bigger wars could begin as well between tribes and nation states. This is one reason why Native Americans might have had wars between tribes but not the size of wars that Europeans were used to with cannons and rifles and bombs. The other thing that Europeans brought to America with them is small pox, flu and malaria which killed off about 90% of the people in the tribes in the U.S.
Because of this what was left of the tribes were still grieving their 90% losses from diseases they hadn't seen before from Trappers before the main groups of White people began to settle on their lands. So, the fight really wasn't there for their lands because of their grief of losses of 90% of their tribes. This is actually how white people won America through the diseases they brought with them that Native Americans had no immunity to at all.
Through farming and wars (big wars) this also caused in it's own way overpopulation as a habit along with Pandemics and plagues that often hit and killed 1/3 of all people in Europe through the centuries. Since so many were dying in wars and plagues people tended to have a lot fo children because they knew about half of them or more would die and a couple more of them would die in more wars and plagues as adults. So, having a lot of children is what people who had enough food often did in Europe a lot.
But, with the invention of Nuclear weapons this caused populations on earth to spin completely out of control to where we are now where the Earth cannot support 8 billion people much longer. And so, for any humans to survive at all you are going to see humans now reduce down to under 1 billion people which is the number that is potentially sustainable for thousands of years.
Whereas 8 billion people will only lead to complete extinction of all humans on earth if we stay at this level of humans much longer.
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