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The specific event that triggered the sentence was his publication of the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
The Church had previously warned Galileo in 1616 not to "hold, teach,
or defend" the heliocentric theory as an established fact. When he
published the Dialogue
in 1632, the Inquisition argued he had willfully defied this
injunction. Furthermore, Pope Urban VIII, a former supporter of the
astronomer, felt deeply insulted. He believed Galileo had mocked him and
his arguments by placing them in the mouth of a foolish character named
"Simplicio" in the book
For a deeper dive into the politics, science, and religious conflicts of the era, you can read more about the Galileo affair on Wikipedia or explore the historical archives of The Galileo Project at Rice University.
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He was ultimately punished for being a jerk who bit the hand that fed him. That he refused to abide by scientific standards of evidence and tried to use the ...
Responding to mounting controversy, the Roman Inquisition tried Galileo in 1633 and found him "vehemently suspect of heresy", sentencing him to house arrest.
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