DEEP THROAT
Deep Throat
- Jun 17, 1997: Watergate 25 Years Later: Barry Sussman
- Jun 17, 1997: Bob Woodward Says Deep Throat Is Still Alive
- Aug 16, 2000: Garment Claims John Sears Was Deep Throat
- Feb 06, 2005: Deep Throat Close To Death, Claims Dean
- May 31, 2005: W. Mark Felt Was Deep Throat
- Dec 19, 2008: Deep Throat Dies At 95; Most Famous Secret Source In US History
Deep Throat (Watergate), the anonymous source (later revealed to be Mark Felt) in The Washington Post investigation of U.S. President Nixon's 1972 Watergate scandal
Deep Throat (Watergate)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
Contents
Identity
Deep Throat was first introduced to the public in the 1974 book All the President's Men, written by Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, which was adapted as an eponymous, Academy Award-winning film two years later. According to the authors, Deep Throat was a key source of information behind a series of articles on a scandal which played a leading role in introducing the misdeeds of the Nixon administration to the general public. The scandal would eventually lead to the resignation of President Nixon as well as prison terms for White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, G. Gordon Liddy, Egil Krogh, White House Counsels Charles Colson, former United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell, John Dean, and presidential adviser John Ehrlichman.Howard Simons, the managing editor of the Post during Watergate, dubbed the secret informant "Deep Throat", alluding to the deep background status of his information and to the pornographic film Deep Throat, which was controversial at the time.
For more than 30 years, Deep Throat's identity was one of the biggest mysteries of American politics and journalism, and the source of much public curiosity and speculation. Woodward and Bernstein insisted they would not reveal his identity until he died or consented to have his identity revealed. Even though J. Anthony Lukas correctly "speculated" that Deep Throat was, in fact, W. Mark Felt in his book, Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years (1976), (based on three The New York Times Sunday Magazine articles—two published in full), Lukas was widely criticized. According to an April 28, 2003, article in Slate,[1] in a 1989 Playboy interview with Lukas,[citation needed] Woodward had denied that Deep Throat was part of the "intelligence community". On May 31, 2005, Vanity Fair revealed that William Mark Felt, Sr. was Deep Throat, when it published an article on its website (which eventually appeared in the July issue) by John D. O'Connor, an attorney acting on Felt's behalf, in which Felt reportedly said, "I'm the guy they used to call Deep Throat." After the Vanity Fair story broke, Woodward, Bernstein, and Benjamin C. Bradlee, the Post's executive editor during Watergate, confirmed Felt's identity as Deep Throat.[2] L. Patrick Gray, former acting Director of the FBI and Felt's boss, disputes Felt's claim he was the sole source in Gray's book, In Nixon's Web, co-written with his son Ed Gray. Instead, Gray and others have continued to argue that Deep Throat was a compilation of sources characterized as one entity, in order to improve sales of the book and movie. Woodward and Bernstein, however, defended Felt's claims and detailed their relationship with Felt in Woodward's book, The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat.
Role in the Watergate scandal
| Watergate scandal |
|---|
|
| Events |
| People |
The situation was unusual because the five men apprehended had among them $2,300 in hundred-dollar bills with serial numbers in sequence, some lock-picks and door-jimmys, a walkie-talkie, a radio scanner capable of listening to police frequencies, two cameras, 40 rolls of unused film, tear-gas guns, and sophisticated electronic devices capable of recording all conversations that might be held in the offices.
At least one of the men, James McCord, Jr., was a former Central Intelligence Agency employee. At the time of his arrest, McCord was a security man for Nixon's Committee to Re-elect the President (also known by its acronym, "CREEP", among Nixon's political opponents). Notebooks were found on two of the men containing the telephone number of E. Howard Hunt, whose name in the notebooks was accompanied by the inscriptions "W House" and "W.H."
The scandal immediately attracted some media scrutiny. A protracted period of clue-searching and trail-following then ensued, with reporters, United States Senate and the judicial system probing to see how far up the Executive branch of government the Watergate scandal, as it had come to be known, extended.
A pair of young Washington Post reporters, Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, wrote the coverage of the story over a period of two years. The scandal eventually was shown to involve a variety of legal violations, and it implicated many members of the Nixon White House. With increasing pressure from the courts and the Senate, Nixon eventually became the first U.S. president to resign, thereby avoiding likely impeachment by the House of Representatives and potential removal from office by the Senate.
Woodward and Bernstein's stories contained information that was remarkably similar to the information uncovered by FBI investigators. This was a journalistic advantage not enjoyed by any other journalists at the time. In their later book, All the President's Men, Woodward and Bernstein claimed this information came from a single anonymous informant dubbed "Deep Throat". It was later revealed, and confirmed by Woodward and Bernstein, that Deep Throat was Felt.
Woodward had befriended Felt years earlier and had consulted with him on stories before the Watergate scandal. Woodward, Bernstein, and others credit the information provided by Deep Throat as being instrumental in ensuring the success of the investigation into the Watergate Scandal.
Methods of communication
Woodward, in All the President's Men, first mentions Deep Throat on page 71; earlier in the book he reports calling "an old friend and sometimes source who worked for the federal government and did not like to be called at his office". Later, he describes him as "a source in the Executive Branch who had access to information at CRP as well as at the White House". The book also calls him "an incurable gossip", "in a unique position to observe the Executive Branch," and a man "whose fight had been worn out in too many battles".Woodward claimed that he would signal to "Deep Throat" that he desired a meeting by moving a flowerpot with a red flag on the balcony of his apartment. When Deep Throat wanted a meeting he would make special marks on page 20 of Woodward's copy of The New York Times; he would circle the page number and draw clock hands to indicate the hour. They often met "on the bottom level of an underground garage just over the Key Bridge in Rosslyn," at 2:00 a.m. The garage is located at 1401 Wilson Boulevard and has an historical marker that was erected in 2011; the garage was scheduled to be demolished, though the county decided to save the historical marker, and the landowner promised to design a memorial commemorating the Watergate scandal.[3]
Many were skeptical of these cloak and dagger methods. Adrian Havill investigated these claims for his 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein, and found them to be factually impossible. He noted that Woodward's apartment 617 at 1718 P Street, Northwest, in Washington faced an interior courtyard and was not visible from the street. Havill said anyone regularly checking the balcony, as "Deep Throat" was said to have done daily, would have been spotted. Havill also said that copies of The New York Times were not delivered to individual apartments but delivered in an unaddressed stack at the building's reception desk. There would have been no way to know which copy was intended for Woodward. Woodward, however, has stated that in the early 1970s the interior courtyard was an alleyway and had not yet been bricked off, and that his balcony was visible from street level to passing pedestrians. It was also visible, Woodward conjectured, to anyone from the FBI in surveillance of nearby embassies. Also revealed was the fact that Woodward's copy of The New York Times had his apartment number indicated on it. Former neighbor Herman Knippenberg stated that Woodward would sometimes come to his door looking for his marked copy of the Times, claiming, "I like to have it in mint condition and I like to have my own copy."[4]
Further, while Woodward stressed these precautions in his book, he also admits to having called "Deep Throat" on the telephone at his home.
Controversy over motives
In public statements following the disclosure of his identity, Felt's family called him an "American hero", stating that he leaked information about the Watergate scandal to the Washington Post for moral and patriotic reasons. Other commentators, however, have speculated that Felt may have had more personal reasons for leaking information to Woodward.In his book The Secret Man, Woodward describes Felt as a loyalist and admirer of J. Edgar Hoover. After Hoover's death, Felt became angry and disgusted when L. Patrick Gray, a career naval officer and lawyer from the Civil Division of the Department of Justice, with no prior law enforcement experience, was appointed Director of the FBI over Felt, a 30-year veteran of the Bureau. Felt was particularly unhappy with Gray's management style at the FBI, which was markedly different from Hoover's. Felt selected Woodward and Bernstein because he knew they were assigned to investigate the burglary. Instead of seeking out prosecutors at the Justice Department, or the House Judiciary Committee charged with investigating presidential wrongdoing, he methodically leaked information to Woodward and Bernstein to guide their investigation while keeping his own identity and involvement safely concealed.
Some conservatives who worked for Nixon, such as Pat Buchanan and G. Gordon Liddy, castigated Felt and asserted their belief that Nixon was unfairly hounded from office.[5]
Revelation of identity
Although confirmation of Deep Throat's identity remained elusive for over 30 years, there were suspicions that Felt was indeed the reporters' elusive source long before the public acknowledgement in 2005.- In "Leak: Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat", Max Holland reports that Felt leaked to two major sources, The Washington Post and TIME. While the Post reporters didn't reveal their source, TIME correspondent Sandy Smith told TIME's lawyer, Cravath, Swaine & Moore partner Roswell Gilpatric,[6][7] who told Assistant Attorney General of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division Harry E. Peterson, who, in turn, revealed it to White House Counsel John W. Dean,[8] who reported it to President Richard Nixon,[9] who did not try to "out" Felt. Nixon's stated rationale was: if he had done so, Felt would have publicly revealed information damaging to the FBI and to other powerful people and institutions. Nixon stated, at the time, Felt "knows everything there is to know in the FBI." Nixon's motives in not outing Felt may not have been entirely altruistic, since Nixon would also have been damaged by Felt's potential revelations.
- George V. Higgins wrote in 1975: "Mark Felt knows more reporters than most reporters do, and there are some who think he had a Washington Post alias borrowed from a dirty movie."[10]
- Carl Bernstein did not even share Deep Throat's identity with his immediate family, which included his wife, writer Nora Ephron. (As he said on NBC's Today Show on June 2, 2005, "I was never dumb enough to tell her...which was very smart because I would have told the whole world by now.") His wife became obsessed with figuring out the secret and eventually correctly concluded that he was Mark Felt.[11] (It had previously been revealed that Deep Throat was definitely a man.) In 1999, a 19-year-old college freshman, Chase Culeman-Beckman, claimed to have been told by Bernstein's son that Mark Felt was really Deep Throat. According to Culeman-Beckman, Jacob Bernstein had said that he was "100 percent sure that Deep Throat was Mark Felt. He's someone in the FBI." Jacob had reportedly said this approximately 11 years prior, when he and Chase Culeman-Beckman were classmates. His wife explained that their son overheard her "speculations"; Carl Bernstein himself also immediately stepped forward to reject the claim, but many did not believe these claims.[12]
- James Mann, who had worked at the Post at the time of Watergate and was close to the investigation, brought a great deal of evidence together in a 1992 article in The Atlantic Monthly that named Felt as Deep Throat.[13] Mann recalled that prior to the Watergate scandal, Woodward had made references to a high-placed source he had in the FBI. Mann argued that the information that Deep Throat gave Woodward could only have come from FBI files. Felt was also embittered at having been passed over for Director of the FBI and believed that the FBI in general was hostile to the Nixon administration. In previous unrelated articles, Woodward had made clear he had a highly placed source at the FBI, and there is some evidence he was friends with Felt.
- Woodward had kept in close touch with Felt over the years, even showing up unexpectedly at his house in 1999, after Felt's dementia began and at the home of Felt's daughter, Joan, in Santa Rosa, California. Some suspected at that time that Woodward might be asking Felt if he could reveal him as Deep Throat, though Felt, when asked directly by others, had consistently denied being Deep Throat.
- In 2002, Timothy Noah called Felt "the best guess going about the identity of Deep Throat."[14]
- In 1976, Assistant Attorney General John Stanley Pottinger had convened a grand jury to investigate a series of potentially illegal break-ins that Felt had authorized against various dissident groups. Felt was testifying before the jury when a juror asked him, out of the blue, "Are you Deep Throat?" Pottinger reports that Felt "went white with fear." Pottinger explained to Felt that he was under oath and would have to answer truthfully, but since Pottinger felt the question was outside the purview of the investigation, he offered to withdraw it if Felt wished.
On May 31, 2005, Vanity Fair reported that Felt, then aged 91, claimed to be the man once known as "Deep Throat".[15] Later that day, Woodward, Bernstein, and Bradlee released a statement through The Washington Post confirming that the story was true.
On June 2, 2005, The Washington Post ran a lengthy front-page column[16] by Woodward in which he detailed his friendship with Felt in the years before Watergate. Woodward wrote that he first met Felt by chance in 1970, when Woodward was a Navy lieutenant in his mid-20s who was dispatched to deliver a package to the White House's West Wing. Felt arrived soon after, for a separate appointment and sat next to Woodward in the waiting room. Woodward struck up a conversation, eventually learning of Felt's position in the upper echelon of the FBI. Woodward, who was about to get out of the Navy at the time and was unsure about his future direction in life, became determined to use Felt as a mentor and career advisor, and so he got Felt's phone number and kept in touch with him.
After deciding to try a career as a reporter, Woodward eventually joined The Washington Post in August 1971. Felt, who Woodward writes had long had a dim view of the Nixon administration, began passing pieces of information to Woodward, although he insisted that Woodward keep the FBI and Justice Department out of anything he wrote based on the information. The first time Woodward used information from Felt in a Washington Post story was in mid-May 1972, a month before the Watergate burglary, when Woodward was reporting on the man who had attempted to assassinate presidential candidate George C. Wallace; Nixon had put Felt in charge of investigating the would-be assassin. A month later, just days after the Watergate break-in, Woodward would call Felt at his office, marking the first time Woodward spoke with Felt about Watergate.
Commenting on Felt's motivations for serving as his Deep Throat source, Woodward wrote, "Felt believed he was protecting the bureau by finding a way, clandestine as it was, to push some of the information from the FBI interviews and files out to the public, to help build public and political pressure to make Nixon and his people answerable. He had nothing but contempt for the Nixon White House and their efforts to manipulate the Bureau for political reasons."
In 1980, Felt himself was convicted of ordering illegal break-ins at the homes of Weathermen suspects and their families. Richard Nixon testified on his behalf. President Ronald Reagan pardoned Felt and the conviction was subsequently expunged from the record.
Composite character theory
Prior to Felt's revelation and Woodward's confirmation, part of the reason historians and other scholars had so much difficulty in identifying the real Deep Throat is because no single person seemed to truly fit the character described in All the President's Men. This had caused some scholars and commentators to come to the conclusion that Deep Throat could not possibly be a single person, and must be a composite of several sources. Woodward and Bernstein consistently denied the theory.[17]From a literary business perspective, this theory was further supported by David Obst, the agent who originally marketed the draft for All the President's Men, who stated that the initial typescript of the book contained absolutely no reference to Deep Throat.[17] Obst believed that Deep Throat was invented by Woodward and Bernstein for dramatic purposes.[17] It also led to speculation that the authors played at condensing history in the same way Hollywood scriptwriters do.[17]
Ed Gray, the son of L. Patrick Gray III, stated in In Nixon's Web: A Year in the Crosshairs of Watergate that his examination of Woodward's interview notes pertaining to Deep Throat at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin provided "convincing evidence that 'Deep Throat' was indeed a fabrication".[18] According to Gray, the file contained notes regarding four interviews that were attributed to either Felt, "X", or "my friend", and a fifth interview dated March 24, 1973, that was unattributed.[18] He said he discovered that he had already seen the paper in 2006 after Woodward released interview files with people who were not Deep Throat.[18] Gray wrote that he contacted Stephen Mielke, the archivist who oversees the Woodward-Bernstein collection at the University of Texas, who said that a carbon copy of the paper contained a note in Woodward's handwriting attributing the interview to Donald Santarelli, an official with the Department of Justice during the Watergate era.[18] Gray wrote that he contacted Santarelli who confirmed that the March 24 meeting was with him.[18] Other interview notes attributed to "X" were interpreted by Gray as containing content that could not have been known by Felt.[18]
Regarding Gray's allegations, Woodward wrote that the March 24 notes were obviously not from an interview with Felt because Felt is referred to by name twice in quotes from the source, and that he never stated or wrote that he met with Deep Throat on that date.[19] According to Woodward, Mielke said the page was likely misfiled under Felt due to a lack of source.[19]
Other suspected candidates
Fred Fielding
Another leading candidate was White House Associate Counsel Fred F. Fielding. In April 2003 Fielding was presented as a potential candidate as a result of a detailed review of source material by William Gaines and his journalism students, as part of a class at the University of Illinois journalism school.[20][21] Fielding was the assistant to John Dean and as such had access to the files relating to the affair. Gaines felt that statements by Woodward ruled out Deep Throat's being in the FBI and that Deep Throat often had information before the FBI did. H. R. Haldeman himself suspected Fielding as being Deep Throat.Dean had been one of the most dedicated hunters of Deep Throat. Both he and Leonard Garment dismissed Fielding as a possibility, reporting that he had been cleared by Woodward in 1980 when Fielding was applying for an important position in the Reagan administration. However this assertion, which comes from Fielding, has not been corroborated.
One reason that many experts believed that Deep Throat was Fielding and not Felt was due to Woodward's apparent denial in an interview that "Deep Throat" worked in the intelligence community:
- LUKAS: Do you resent the implication by some critics that your sources on Watergate—among them the fabled Deep Throat—may have been people in the intelligence community?
- WOODWARD: I resent it because it's untrue.[22]
Other credible candidates
Any candidate who died before the Felt admission ceased to fit Woodward's criteria at that time, since Woodward had stated that he was free to reveal his identity when "Deep Throat" died.- John Ehrlichman: Nixon advisor. Died in 1999.
- Ron Ziegler: press secretary. Died in 2003.
- William E. Colby: head of the CIA. Died in 1996.
- Charles W. Bates: FBI executive whom Mann mentioned but considered less likely than Felt.
- William C. Sullivan: former head of the FBI intelligence operations, fired by J. Edgar Hoover in 1971. Died in 1977.
- L. Patrick Gray: acting FBI director who lived only four blocks away from Woodward, accused by a CBS documentary. Died in 2005.
- Robert Kunkel: FBI Washington Bureau Chief whom Mann considered less likely than Felt, as he moved to St. Louis partway through the investigation.
- Cord Meyer: CIA agent suggested in Mark Riebling's Wedge: The Secret War between the FBI and CIA.[23] However, Woodward stated that "Deep Throat" was not part of the intelligence community. Died in 2001.
- Raymond Price: Nixon speech writer.
- Stephen Bull: administrative assistant.
- Secret Service technicians: Richard Cohen argued it was whoever in the Secret Service maintained Nixon's secret taping devices.
- Richard Ober, the chief of the CIA's domestic spying program called Operation CHAOS.[24]
Less credible candidates
- William Rehnquist: Late Chief Justice of the United States, had a position in the Department of Justice early in the Nixon administration, working for Attorney General John N. Mitchell. More than five months before the Watergate break-in, he was appointed to the Supreme Court and it would have been almost impossible for him to have had access to much of the information attributed to "Deep Throat." In February 2005, Dean reported that "Deep Throat" was ailing, and Rehnquist was known to be suffering from cancer, which caused his death later that year. The report caused a resurgence of speculation that Rehnquist was "Deep Throat." However, Woodward later stated that the notion that "Deep Throat" was ailing had been a misunderstanding.
- Henry Kissinger: Nixon's National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, was out of the country on some of the dates Woodward reported to have met with "Deep Throat."
- George H. W. Bush: Was nominated in February 2005 by Adrian Havill–author of a 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein, Deep Truth (ISBN 1-55972-172-3)-following the unveiling of Woodward's notes at the University of Texas. Havill had argued in his biography that "Deep Throat" was a composite figure, but stated in a letter to Poynter Online that based on more recent events and research, he now believed "Deep Throat" was George H. W. Bush.
- General Alexander Haig: Authors Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin speculated in their 1991 book Silent Coup: The Removal of a President that Haig may have been "Deep Throat." Died in 2010.
- Diane Sawyer: Was hired by White House press secretary Ron Ziegler to serve in the Richard Nixon Administration. On his deathbed, Nixon supporter Baruch Korff wrongly claimed that Sawyer was Deep Throat.
- Ben Stein: A Nixon speech writer and the son of Nixon economic advisor Herbert Stein; later an actor, political commentator, and game show host.
- Gerald R. Ford: Suggestion that Ford may have been Deep Throat as he was next in line for the presidency.
- Pat Buchanan: Served as special assistant to the President, was nominated as a potential candidate by Dean in his June 2002 book Unmasking Deep Throat. Buchanan repeatedly denied the claim, stating in a Time magazine article on the 30th anniversary of the Watergate break-in that "The last time I cooperated with The Washington Post...was in 1952, when I was a paper boy delivering the damn thing in Northwest Washington." Buchanan was very interested in the mystery, however, and had a number of theories. He was most sympathetic to the idea of a composite Deep Throat.
- Richard Nixon himself: There was some suggestion that Nixon had used back-channels to communicate with Woodward in a bizarre attempt to showcase his persecution by the media which backfired horrifically. This theory was largely discredited.
- J. Fred Buzhardt: White House counsel to President Nixon.
- G. Gordon Liddy: Member of the White House Plumbers. Largely dismissed.
Fictional portrayals
- Hal Holbrook portrayed Deep Throat in the 1976 film version of All the President's Men, in which he uttered the catchphrase "follow the money".
- In the 1999 comedy Dick, Deep Throat is revealed as being two teenage Washingtonian girls, portrayed by Kirsten Dunst and Michelle Williams, who worked as Nixon's dog walkers.
- The X-Files featured an informant who used the name "Deep Throat" to leak information to Agent Mulder in early episodes in a manner similar to the meetings described by Woodward. It is never specifically mentioned whether he was intended to be the same Deep Throat from Watergate.
- In The Simpsons episode "Sideshow Bob Roberts", Waylon Smithers played a similar role to Deep Throat when covertly helping the Simpsons children find a way to depose the newly elected mayor of Springfield, Sideshow Bob (even paraphrasing one of Deep Throat's statements).
- In the Family Guy episode "Deep Throats", Kermit the Frog uses a similar role to provide evidence of Mayor Adam West's corruption to Brian and Stewie.
- In the video game Metal Gear Solid cyborg ninja informant Gray Fox goes by the name Deepthroat until revealing his identity to protagonist Solid Snake.
- In the 2002 Nickelodeon animated film Hey Arnold!: The Movie, Helga Pataki takes on a similar role under the guise of Deep Voice. She is a shadowy character who aids Arnold and Gerald in trying to save the neighborhood from the evil developer Alphonse Perrier du von Scheck through a series of anonymous phone calls and cryptic advice. At the end of the film her identity is revealed, and she finally confesses her love to Arnold and successfully saves the neighborhood.
- In the Fairly OddParents episode "Channel Chasers" Tootie uses the 'Deep Toot' undercover persona to help out Mr. and Mrs. Turner against Vicky.
- In the Discworld novel The Truth, in a reference to or parody of Deep Throat, the talking dog Gaspode takes on the role of Deep Bone, acting as an informant to the novel's protagonist William de Worde regarding the attempted framing of Patrician Vetinari.
- In 2017 Liam Neeson portrays Mark Felt in the spy thriller film The Silent Man.
References
- Deborah Davis, 'Katharine the Great: Katharine Graham and the Washington Post' (1987) National Press, ISBN 0-915765-43-8.
External links
- "In the Prelude to Publication, Intrigue Worthy of Deep Throat", a June 2, 2005 article from The New York Times
- Special Reports page on Deep Throat from The Washington Post
- Former FBI agent says 3 FBI officials helped W. Mark Felt leak information about Watergate probe to the press, a June 5, 2005 article from the Albany Times-Union[dead link]
- "New Zealand man's Deep Throat mystery solved", an article from The New Zealand Herald confirming part of the Deep Throat secrecy legend
- Deep Throat revealed in the Newseum archive of front page images from 2005-06-01.[dead link]
|website= (help)
No comments:
Post a Comment