Friday, March 7, 2014

Wikipedia:2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine

2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Russian military intervention in Ukraine
Part of the 2014 Crimean crisis
Location UK-Crimea-RU.PNG
Crimea (dark green), Rest of Ukraine (light green) and Russia (light red) in Europe
  Crimea
  Rest of Ukraine
  Russia
Date 27 February 2014 (de facto)[1] – present
Location Crimean peninsula, Ukraine
Status Ongoing
  • Russia takes effective military control over Crimea, overpowering aerial and naval fleets[2]
  • Covert operations conducted by the Russian special forces (Spetsnaz) and proclaimed "self-defense" forces without identification signs[3]
  • Russia-Ukraine borders are patrolled by the Russian army until 4 March[4]
  • Pavel Gubarev who declared himself a governor of Donetsk Oblast[5] was arrested by the SBU on court orders[6][7]
  • Crimean parliament passes resolution on 6 March to transfer territory to Russia,[8] after which SBU opened proceedings on the decision.[9]
Belligerents
Russia Russia Ukraine Ukraine[10]
Commanders and leaders
Pres. Vladimir Putin
PM Sergey Aksyonov
Gen. Sergey Shoygu
Gen. Valery Gerasimov
Lt.Gen. Igor Sergun
V.Adm. Aleksandr Vitko		 Pres. Oleksandr Turchynov
Adm. Ihor Tenyukh
Lt.Gen. Mykhailo Kutsyn
R.Adm. Serhiy Hayduk
Units involved
Medium emblem of the Вооружённые Силы Российской Федерации.svg Russian Armed Forces:[11][12]
Russian 76th Airborne Division patch.svg 76th Airborne Division
Russian 31st Airborne Brigade patch.svg 31st Airborne Brigade
18th Mechanized Brigade Sleeve Insignia of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.svg Black Sea Fleet:
Generalstaff central dep.svg GRU Operators
 Emblem of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.svg Armed Forces of Ukraine:
Emblem of the Ukrainian Navy.svg Ukrainian Navy
  • 36th Coastal Defense Brigade[13]
Gerb of State Border Guard Service of Ukraine.gif Ukrainian Sea Guard
MVS of Ukraine.gif Ukrainian police
Герб Внутрішніх Військ.png Internal Troops
Strength
Crimean Force: 25,000-30,000[14][15]
  • Black Sea Fleet: 11,000 (including Marines)
  • 4 Squadrons of fighter aircraft (18 planes each)
Reinforcements:Between 16,000[13][16][17][18] and 42,000[19] troops
 Crimean garrison:
~ 14,500 Troops[20]
10 warships
Casualties and losses
Ochakov cruiser scuttled[21] 1 injured (head concussion)[10][22]
50 border guards captured[23]
1 admiral defected
Beginning on 27 February 2014, unidentified pro-Russian troops seized control of the majority of the Crimean peninsula in the southeastern area of Ukraine.[24] The region has experienced rising tensions following Russia's apparent seizure of the important naval peninsula, and the uncertain outcome of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution more generally.
The Crimean Peninsula is Russia's only year round link to the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, and Atlantic Ocean,[25] and is considered strategically important for Russia.[25] Russia's government maintains that its involvement in Crimea concerns the safety of ethnic russians in the region against Ukranian authorities.[a][27][28] Russia does not recognize the newly installed interim government in Ukraine, instead considering now ousted-President Viktor Yanukovych as Ukraine's legitimate leader.[b] Russia states that Yanukovych requested Russia to intervene in Ukraine militarily to maintain peace and order.[28][29]
The Ukrainian response so far has been muted as its leaders try to find a diplomatic solution with military reaction from their part confined to a mobilization of Ukraine's armed forces and reserves. Russia, however, vowed that its troops would stay until the political situation has been "normalized".[30] Internally, Crimea is scheduled to hold a referendum on 16 March 2014 on whether Crimea shall join the Russian Federation or remain part of Ukraine.[31]The occupation has alarmed the Tatars - the Soviet regime of Stalin deported the Crimean Tatars en masse to Central Asia, and many died, in 1944. [32]
At the international level, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Canada and the European Union condemned Russia, accusing it of breaking international law and violating Ukrainian sovereignty.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] China, by contrast, refused to directly condemn Russia, but restated its belief of non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations and urged dialogue.[41][42]

Background

Main article: 2014 Crimean crisis
See also: Euromaidan and 2014 Ukrainian revolution
On 22 February 2014 protesters overthrew the administration President Viktor Yanukovych and the opposition took control of the capital city and national government. Soon after Yanukovych fled from Kiev,[43] the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) voted to restore the 2004 version of the Constitution of Ukraine and impeach Yanukovych. While on the run, Yanukovych refused to resign and some politicians from Ukraine's east and south regions, including Crimea, declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych.[44]
On 23 February, following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, the law on languages of minorities, including Russian, was abolished.[45] In so doing, Russian-speaking regions were infuriated that the new government made Ukrainian the sole state language at all levels, seemingly pressing ahead with Ukrainian nationalism.[46] On 1 March 2014 the bill repealing the law was vetoed by Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov.[47]
On 27 February, men in military uniform in Simferopol, the capital city of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, seized the Crimean parliamentary building and the Council of Ministers building and replaced the Ukrainian flag with the Russian flag.[1] They ousted the prime minister appointed by the President of Ukraine and installed pro-Russian politician, Sergey Aksyonov, as Crimea's prime minister.[48] Aksyonov illegally declared himself in charge of local military and law enforcement.[49] On 1 March, the acting president of Ukraine, Oleksandr Turchynov, decreed the Crimean legislature's appointment of Aksyonov as unconstitutional, as the position of prime minister is appointed by the president of Ukraine, and not elected by parliament. The Crimean legislature has declared its intention to hold a referendum on greater autonomy from Kiev on 25 May 2014, a move which Hatidzhe Mamutova, the head of the League of Crimean-Tatar Women, called illegal.[50]
Councilors in the Crimean city of Sevastopol, home to the Russian and Ukrainian Black Sea naval fleets, selected a Russian citizen as mayor, as pro-Russian demonstrators chanted "a Russian mayor for a Russian city". Furthermore, Sevastopol's police chief said he would refuse orders from Kiev.[51] In Sevastopol, Kerch, and other Crimean cities, pro-Russian demonstrators pulled down the flag of Ukraine and replaced it with the flag of Russia in clashes with city officials.[52][53]
Russian units began moving into Crimea almost immediately after the press conference of former president Yanukovych held on 28 February 2014 in Rostov-on-Don, near the eastern border of Ukraine, where he called for Putin to "restore order" in Ukraine. During the conference Yanukovych insisted that military action was "unacceptable" and that he would not request Russian military intervention.[54][55] Still on 4 March 2014 Russia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Vitaly Churkin demonstrated a photocopy of a letter allegedly signed by Victor Yanukovich on 1 March 2014, to support their assertion that Yanukovich had demanded Russian military intervention in Ukraine.[56] Aksyonov also appealed to Russian President Vladimir Putin to provide assistance in ensuring the peace in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Both houses of the Russian legislature (Federal Assembly) voted on 1 March 2014 to send Russian troops into Crimea.[57][58]

Strategic importance

2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine is located in Autonomous Republic Crimea
Kacha
Port of Sevastopol
CRIMEA
Krasnodar Krai,
Russia
Dzhankoy ("Vostok")
Location of the Port of Sevastopol and Kacha in relation to Crimea and Russia. Newly stationed soldiers have been posted in Dzhankoy,[citation needed] a major transportation hub in the Crimean peninsula where two major railways and two major European highways pass. Dzhankoy is also home to many industrial factories and is considered an entry point to Crimea.[59]
Geopolitics of the Crimean autonomous Republic, March 2014.[dubious – discuss]
The Autonomous Republic of Crimea occupies most of the Crimean peninsula with only the Strait of Kerch separating it from Russia to the east by a short 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). As an autonomous republic, it has its own constitution although it is still part of Ukraine. Many Russian civilians and servicemembers live and work there. As tensions escalated in the region, Russia intervened under the justification that it must "protect Russian civilians and military in Ukraine".[a]
At the same time, the Port of Sevastopol and the town of Kacha are located in Sevastopol, a city in the southwestern area of the peninsula that does not belong to Crimea administratively. Both locations hold key strategic value for Russia, economically and militarily.[60] The Port of Sevastopol, which Russia currently leases from Ukraine, is considered a key hold for maritime routes between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and by extension the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean.[61] It is also one of the few warm deepwater ports in the Black Sea available to Russia. As the Ukrainian revolution unfolded—and as the newly installed Ukrainian government began to distance itself from Russia—Russia felt that its access to the port and its military bases in the Crimean peninsula were in jeopardy.[62] Ensuring access to the port and Russia's military bases in the Crimean peninsula are considered one of the main factors that sparked Russia's military intervention.[62] On the other hand, the town of Kacha serves as military headquarters for Russia's 25th Independent Anti-submarine Helicopter Regiment (25th AHR) and the 917th Independent Composite Air Regiment (917th ICAR) of the Black Sea Fleet Naval Air Force.

Russian actions

See also: Timeline of the 2014 Crimean crisis

Military action in Crimea

Unidentified soldiers on patrol at Simferopol International Airport, 28 February 2014
On 26 February, President Vladimir Putin ordered urgent military exercises to test the combat readiness of his armed forces across western Russia.[63] From that day onwards, there were reports that Russian soldiers had established a checkpoint between the major Crimean cities of Sevastopol and Simferopol.[64][65]
Crimea saw a sudden increased in armed presence, with militiamen dressed in khakis lacking any distinctive markings appearing all over the region. While Putin denied that Russian troops stationed in Crimea left their barracks, claiming these men were "pro-Russian local self-defence forces,"[66] the CNN caught on video one such soldier admitting he was Russian.[67] The presence of Russian troops is acknowledged by new Crimean leader Sergei Aksyenov.[49] The troops were subsequently identified, based on their battle dress and equipment, as belonging to the 45th Spetsnaz Regiment, which has previously been deployed to conflicts such as Georgia and Kyrgyzstan.[68]
Soldiers suspected of being Russians were seen patrolling Simferopol International Airport and Sevastopol International Airport, while Western and independent media reported Russian troop movements in Crimea, including Russian military helicopters moving into the peninsula and Russian Army trucks approaching Simferopol, the Crimean capital.[67][69] Ukrainian officials said Russian forces took over a military airbase in Sevastopol, landed troops at another airbase,[70] and surrounded a coast guard base.[71]
Part of a series on the
Crimean Crisis
of 2014
Map of Crimea
Ukraine Crimea Russia
By 2 March, Ukrainian military bases in Crimea were under the control of these unidentified soldiers;[66] soldiers infiltrated the radio-technical company at the Maganome Cape near Feodosiya;[72][73][not in citation given] the 55th Anti-Air Defense in Yevpatoriya had been seized.[72] Russian military, without identification, blocked the 36th Ukrainian Coastal Defense unit (Ukrainian Navy) in Perevalne (between Simferopol and Alushta) and demanded that the besieged Ukrainian Marines surrender,[74] and 400 Russian special operations troops arrived by the Russian Black Sea Fleet BDK "Azov".[75] Russian Special Operation soldiers attempted to disarm the 191st Training unit of Ukrainian Navy in Sevastopol;[76][77] there also was an attempt by another 30 soldiers of Russia to take over the 39th Training unit of Ukrainian Navy (Sevastopol).[78][79] The State Border Guard Service of Ukraine acknowledged seizure of its headquarters of the Azov-Black Sea regional administration and the Simferopol border detachment by the armed Russian soldiers.[80][81] The Crimea Front took over the building of Trade Unions in Simferopol and under the flag of Russia announced that they protect the Constitution of Ukraine;[82] Russian soldiers blocked the Ukrainian military installation А-0669 in Kerch.[83]
On 2 March, Ukrainian Navy Rear Admiral Denis Berezovsky officially defected and pledged allegiance to Crimea.[84] According to MP Yuri Syrotyuk, Berezovsky had already been dismissed before his defection[85] for ordering his troops not resist the Russian forces in case of blockade or isolation.[85] Ukrainian units which refused to surrender informed the acting Minister of Defense Ihor Tenyukh, who replaced Berezovsky with Rear Admiral Serhiy Hayduk.[85] Internal Troops of Ukraine in Simferopol refused to lay down their arms and side with the Russians.[86] By 3 March 2014, Russian troops captured the Ukrainian Border Guard base in Balaklava after repeated assaults.[23] There was a number of incidents where the local civilians requested the Russian soldiers do not provoke the Ukrainian military.[87] Russia vowed troops would stay until the political situation has been "normalised".[30] Around 21:00 (LST), five vehicles with soldiers of the Russian Black Sea Fleet broke through the border checkpoint "Krym-Kuban" at the ferry crossing "Krym-Kavkaz" in Kerch.[88][89][90] The same day in Sevastopol, the crew of the command ship Slavutych thwarted an attempt to hijack the vessel by a boat manned by unidentified armed personnel.[91]
Ukrainian defence sources alleged that the commander of Russian Black Sea Fleet Vice-Admiral Aleksandr Vitko had issued an official ultimatum to all Ukrainian military servicemen to surrender by 05:00 (LST) 4 March 2014 or face a military confrontation.[92][93] These allegations were denied by the Russian foreign ministry[94] and a representative of the Black Sea Fleet headquarters.[95][96] The deadline came and went without incident or attempt to storm.[97] Human rights observers confirmed that Russian soldiers are openly standing on the perimeter of the Ukrainian hamlet Perevalne.[98]
On 6 March Russian sailors scuttled the decommissioned cruiser Ochakov at the entrance to Donuzlav Bay in western Crimea as a blockship, in an attempt to prevent Ukrainian navy ships from gaining access to the Black Sea.[21]

Other troop movements

The head of Chernihiv regional council announced that the Russians were conducting military movements on the Chernihiv Oblast segment of the State Border of Ukraine on 2 March 2014.[99] The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said on 3 March 2014 Russia had started to amass troops on several segments of the eastern borders with Ukraine (Kharkiv, Luhansk, and Donetsk oblasts).[100] Later, the Luhansk border detachment dismissed those claims as a disinformation by media.[101] On 3 March 2014, Russia deployed 3,500 troops and heavy equipment on the Baltic coast in Kaliningrad Oblast near Polish and Lithuanian borders,[102] causing Lithuania and Poland, who are members of NATO, to ask for protection against a Russian invasion.[103]
On 4 March two Russian vessels, the 150 'Saratov' landing ship and the 156 'Yamal' assault ship, had entered the straits.[104]

American actions

Military action

An Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, the USS Truxtun, was dispatched to the Black Sea, where it was the only United States Navy vessel besides the guided-missile frigate USS Taylor, which was present to support the Olympics in Sochi[105]. American officials stated that it was part of a "routine deployment" for exercises with the Bulgarian and Romanian navies.[106] Although the Truxtun is part of the USS George H.W. Bush aircraft carrier battle group, it was the only vessel from the group to enter the Black Sea.[107] It was previously confirmed that the carrier group was only docking at the Greek port of Piraeus for a scheduled port call.[108] Unnamed Turkish officials also reportedly denied that a U.S. Navy vessel passing the Bosphorus was the USS George H.W. Bush, stating that the nuclear aircraft carrier did not meet the 1936 Montreaux Convention's weight limits.[109] The Montreaux Convention also bars the naval vessels of countries not bordering the Black Sea from remaining there for more than 21 days.[109]
On 5 March the Pentagon announced it would send six fighter jets and a refueling aircraft to augment the four already participating in the Baltic Air Policing mission.[110][111] 7 U.S. F-16's were scheduled to participate in a training exercise in Poland. On 6 March, it was announced that 12 fighters and 300 service personnel would go to Poland.[112] The increase was attributed to concerns over Russian activities in Crimea.[112][113]

Non-military events

Russia

Before the military intervention, Russia recalled its ambassador to Ukraine for consultations.[114] Russian President Vladimir Putin reportedly told his US counterpart, Barack Obama, that Russia was acting to protect ethnic Russians and Russian-speakers in Crimea and eastern Ukraine.[115] Aleksei Pushkov, the Chairman of the Russian State Duma committee on Foreign Affairs, said that the majority of people in Crimea should be given the right of self-determination. He added that he thought the Crimean Parliament's planned referendum on 30 March[49] (on greater Crimean autonomy, according to the BBC Russian-language service)[116] was a much more legitimate way to achieve political change than demonstrations on Kiev's Maidan Square.[116]
At a meeting to protest against the Russian intervention in Ukraine that took place near to the Ministry of Defense building in Moscow, 28 protesters were arrested by the police.[117] Andrei Yurov, an expert of the Moscow Helsinki Group, said that the decision of the Council of the Federation allowing President Putin to use military force within the territory of Ukraine was taken on the basis of unconfirmed information about the "victims" among citizens in Crimea.[118]

In Crimea

See also: 2014 Crimean crisis
Self proclaimed new Crimean Prime Minister Aksyonov[119] asserted control over all security forces in Crimea and appealed to Russia for assistance in maintaining peace and tranquility.[120] The position of Prime Minister is normally appointed by the President of Ukraine;[121] On 1 March, acting president Turchynov decried the appointment of Sergei Aksyonov as the head of the government of Crimea as unconstitutional.[122]
The chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Refat Chubarov, expressed concern that Tatars in Crimea would be threatened as a result of the Russian takeover. He said Crimea is part of Ukraine and warned of a collapse in "world order" if Russia succeeds in separating Crimea from Ukraine.[123]
On 5 March the mission of OSCE in Ukraine started its work in the Crimea and carried out the meetings with the representatives of local communities and of the Crimean parliament.[124] Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine Andriy Parubiy announced that Russia tries to re-dislocate its military troops to hide their presence from OSCE on the Crimean peninsula.[125]

East Ukrainian oblasts

Pro-Russian demonstration in Donetsk, 1 March 2014
On 1 March, the council of Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine's easternmost region, voted to demand giving Russian language the status of second official language, stop ″persecution of Berkut fighters″, disarm Maidan self-defense units and ban a number political organizations like Svoboda and UNA-UNSO. It threatened the central Ukrainian authorities that it reserved the right ″to ask for help from the brotherly people of the Russian Federation.″[126]
There were reports of busloads of Russian citizens crossing the border into Ukraine in order to support pro-Russian protests.[127][128] At an administrative building in Kharkiv, a Russian from Moscow replaced the Ukrainian flag with a Russian one.[127] Protesters supporting Russia vandalized the parliament building and beat civilians, but Reuters reported that this had alienated many Russians, who were speaking and mobilizing in support of the Ukrainian government. The flag was restored and 200 policemen guarded the building.[129]
The city council of Donetsk voted on 1 March to have a referendum on greater autonomy in the region. On 3 March, a number of armed people started storming Donetsk Oblast administrative building, waving Russian flags and shouting "Russia!" and "Berkut are heroes!".[130] The pro-Russian group is led by Paul Gubarev, who some sources report is claiming to be the people's governor of the region.[127][131] On the evening of 4 March, a large peaceful rally of over 2,000 supporting peace and a united Ukraine was held in central Donetsk.[132]

Odessa Oblast

On 3 March, around 200 demonstrators with Russian flags stormed the Odessa Oblast administrative building.[133]

Reactions

Ukrainian response

Interim Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchynov accused Russia of "provoking a conflict" by invading Crimea. He compared Russia's military actions to the 2008 Russia–Georgia war, when Russian troops occupied parts of the Republic of Georgia, and the breakaway enclaves of Abkhazia and South Ossetia were established under the control of Russian-backed administrations. He called on Putin to withdraw Russian troops from Crimea and stated that Ukraine will "preserve its territory" and "defend its independence".[134] On 1 March, he warned, "Military intervention would be the beginning of war and the end of any relations between Ukraine and Russia."[135]
On 1 March, Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov placed the Armed Forces of Ukraine on full alert and combat readiness.[136]

International reactions

Further information: International reaction to the 2014 Crimean crisis
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry meets with Ukrainian members of parliament, 4 March 2014
Much of the international community condemned and expressed grave concerns over the Russian intervention in Ukraine. The UN Security Council held a special meeting at the weekend on the crisis.[137] The G7 countries condemned the violation of Ukraine's sovereignty, and urged Russia to withdraw.[138][139] All G7 leaders are refusing to participate in it due to assumed violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, in contravention of Russia's obligations under the UN Charter and its 1997 basing agreement with Ukraine.[140]
The United States raised the likelihood of sanctions against Russia unless they withdrew.[138][141] United States President Barack Obama has put visa restrictions in place against "those responsible for or complicit in threatening the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine," and the United States State Department has announced its own plans to do the same .[142] Canada recalled its ambassador from Russia.[143] British Foreign Minister William Hague removed Britain from preparations for the upcoming G8 summit and said the UK would work with international partners to "ensure that reforms by Ukraine are matched by international willingness to provide economic support".[144]

Financial markets

The intervention has caused turbulence on the financial markets. Stock markets around the world fell sharply due to the threat of instability, while gold, and government stocks (in particular US and German) all rallied. The Swiss franc climbed to a 2-year high against the dollar and 1-year high against the Euro. The Euro and the US dollar both rose, as did the Australian dollar.[141] The Russian stock market declined by more than 10 percent, whilst the Russian ruble hit an all time lows against the US dollar and the Euro.[145][146] The Russian Central bank hiked interest rates and intervened in the foreign exchange markets to the tune of $12 billion to try to stabilise its currency.[141] Prices for wheat and grain have risen. Ukraine is a major exporter of both crops.[147]

See also

Portal icon Crimea portal
Portal icon Ukraine portal
Portal icon Russia portal
Portal icon 2010s portal
Portal icon International relations portal

Notes

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Radyuhin (2014) "President Vladimir Putin, who is Commander-in-Chief of the Russian armed forces, asked Parliament for permission to use the Russian armed forces to "protect" Russian civilians and military in Ukraine."[26]
  2. Jump up ^ Walker (2014) "Putin also insisted that ousted Ukrainian leader, Viktor Yanukovych, was the legitimate leader of Ukraine and that the "so-called" acting president had no authority and the new government in Kiev illegal."[27]

References

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "Armed men seize Crimea parliament". The Guardian. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  2. Jump up ^ "Ukraine Puts Troops on High Alert, Threatening War", The New York Times, 2 March 2014
  3. Jump up ^ "NATO Secretary General – Doorstep statement to the media". YouTube. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  4. Jump up ^ Ukraine revolt was anti-constitutional coup, Putin says CBC Retrieved on 4 March 2014
  5. Jump up ^ "Rebel flag flies over east Ukraine in new challenge to Kiev", The Times, 6 March 2014
  6. Jump up ^ SBU detained "self-proclaimed governor" in Donetsk. Ukrayinska Pravda. 6 March 2014
  7. Jump up ^ SBU detains 'self-proclaimed governor' of Donetsk region Gubarev. Interfax-Ukraine. 6 March 2014
  8. Jump up ^ "Ukraine crisis: Crimea parliament asks to join Russia". BBC News. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  9. Jump up ^ SBU opens proceedings into encroachment on Ukraine's territorial integrity due to Crimean parliament's decision to include Crimea in Russia. Interfax-Ukraine. 6 March 2014
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b by: Network writers, agencies (27 February 2014). "Russian troop invasion encircles Crimea's capital as Ukraine PM declares the nation to be on 'brink of disaster'". News.com.au. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  11. Jump up ^ General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces: in Crimea – not just soldiers from units of Black Sea Fleet. Ukrayinska Pravda. 4 March 2014
  12. Jump up ^ In Crimea, Russian soldiers are not only part of the Black Sea Fleet, says the General Staff of AF of Ukraine. Interfax-Ukraine. 4 March 2014
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Russia Stages a Coup in Crimea. The Daily Beast.com
  14. Jump up ^ "Ukraine looks for 'sign of hope' from Russia over Crimea - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com.
  15. Jump up ^ "In Crimea are already 30 thousand of Russian military - border guards". Ukrayinska Pravda. March 7, 2014.
  16. Jump up ^ "An eerie mood on the ground in Crimea - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com.
  17. Jump up ^ Dearden, Lizzie (1 March 2014). "Ukraine crisis: Putin asks Russian parliament's permission for military intervention in Crimea". The Independent.
  18. Jump up ^ Russia illegally increased the number of its troops in Ukraine up to 16 thousand – acting Defense Minister. Interfax-Ukraine. 3 March 2014
  19. Jump up ^ Anonymous (3 March 2014). "Insider's view: Moscow is in control of Crimea in Ukraine". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  20. Jump up ^ "Ukraine must focus on where its assets are stationed, experts say". The Guardian. 3 March 2014.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b "Russia sinks ship to block Ukrainian Navy ships", NavalToday.com, 3 March 2014
  22. Jump up ^ Ukrainian officer was injured in Sevastopol, while protecting warehouses with arms. Ukrayinska Pravda. 3 March 2014
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b "Putin vs the people of Ukraine". 2 March. In Ukranian. Ukrayinska Pravda. 2 March 2014
  24. Jump up ^ Chappell, Bill (4 March 2014). "Putin Says Those Aren't Russian Forces in Crimea". NPR. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Beardsley, Steven (4 March 2014). "Black Sea port in Ukraine still key to Russia's naval interests". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  26. Jump up ^ Radyuhin, Vladimir (1 March 2014). "Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Shaun (4 March 2014). "Russian takeover of Crimea will not descend into war, says Vladimir Putin". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b Yoon, Sangwon; Krasnolutska, Daryna; Choursina, Kateryna (4 March 2014). "Russia Stays in Ukraine as Putin Channels Yanukovych Request". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 5 March 2104.
  29. Jump up ^ Borger, Julian (4 March 2014). "Putin offers Ukraine olive branches delivered by Russian tanks". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b "Ukraine crisis: Russia vows troops will stay". BBC. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  31. Jump up ^ "Ukraine crisis: Crimea MPs vote to join Russia". BBC News. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  32. Jump up ^ LA Times, 6 March 2014 [1] The Guardian, 5 March 2014,[2]
  33. Jump up ^ "Obama: Russia 'On The Wrong Side Of History' On Ukraine". Huffington Post.
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  42. Jump up ^ Economy, Elizabeth (6 March 2014). "China's Soft 'Nyet' To Russia's Ukraine Intervention". Forbes. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  43. Jump up ^ "Ukraine Protestors Seize Kiev As President Flees". Time. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  44. Jump up ^ "Ukraine President Yanukovich impeached". Al Jazeera. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  45. Jump up ^ Traynor, Ian (24 February 2014). "Western nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis". The Guardian.
  46. Jump up ^ Ayres, Sabra (28 February 2014). "Is it too late for Kiev to woo Russian-speaking Ukraine?". The Christian Science Monitor.
  47. Jump up ^ "На отмену закона о региональных языках на Украине наложат вето". Lenta.ru. 1 March 2014.
  48. Jump up ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (4 March 2014). "Crimean Leader Says Ukrainian Military Units Are Surrendering". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b c Loiko, Sergei L (1 March 2014). "New Crimea leaders move up referendum date". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 March 2014. "Kiev, Ukraine – Crimea's new pro-Moscow premier, Sergei Aksenov, moved the date of the peninsula's status referendum to March 30. On Thursday, the Crimean parliament, which appointed Aksenov, had called for a referendum on May 25, the date also set for the urgent presidential election in Ukraine."
  50. Jump up ^ "Crimean Tatars Deported by Stalin Oppose Putin in Ukraine". Bloomberg. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  51. Jump up ^ "Ukraine: Sevastopol installs pro-Russian mayor as separatism fears grow". The Guardian. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  52. Jump up ^ "Demonstrators raise Russian flag in Kerch". Focus News. 23 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  53. Jump up ^ "No Ukrainian flags left on Sevastopol administrative buildings". Kyiv Post. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  54. Jump up ^ Ukrainian ex-leader Viktor Yanukovych vows fightback, BBC News (28 February 2014).
  55. Jump up ^ "Ukraine crisis live: Russia admits its troops are moving in Crimea". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  56. Jump up ^ "Чуркин сообщил об обращении Януковича к Путину". Lenta.ru. 4 March 2014.
  57. Jump up ^ "Putin declared war against Ukraine (in Ukrainian)". Ukrayinska Pravda. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  58. Jump up ^ "Russian Troops Take Over Ukraine's Crimea Region". ABC News. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  59. Jump up ^ "Report: Crimean Berkut police on Perekopsky isthmus to prevent armed invasion". Kyiv Post (Interfax). 28 February 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  60. Jump up ^ Hille, Kathrin (27 February 2014). "Ukrainian port is key to Russia's naval power". FT. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
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  67. ^ Jump up to: a b "Soldier: Yes, I am a Russian" (video). CNN. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  68. Jump up ^ Arto Pulkki (4 March 2014). "Crimea Invaded By High Readiness Forces of the Russian Federation". Suomen Sotilas. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  69. Jump up ^ "Ukraine crisis: 'Russians' occupy Crimea airports". BBC News. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  70. Jump up ^ "Pro-Russia separatists flex muscles in Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula". The Washington Post. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  71. Jump up ^ "Ukraine's State Border Guard says coast guard base surrounded by about 30 Russian marines". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  72. ^ Jump up to: a b Seizures of military facilities in the Crimea (photo), Ukraine: Marine portal, 2 March 2014
  73. Jump up ^ "Kryzys na Krymie. Kijów zarządził mobilizację wojsk. Rosjanie wejdą na Ukrainę?" [The crisis in the Crimea. Kiev ordered the mobilization of troops. The Russians will come to Ukraine?], Gazeta Wyborcza, 2 March 2014, archived from the original on 2 March 2014
  74. Jump up ^ "Russian forces blocked Ukrainian unit in Perevalne and demand to lay down arms", Ukrayinska Pravda, 2 March 2014
  75. Jump up ^ Russian soldiers blocked the 36th coastal defense brigade of the Ukrainian Navy, Ukraine: Marine portal, 2 March 2014
  76. Jump up ^ Ukrainian officers did not allow capture and extract of arms by special forces of the Russian Federation (Sevastopol), Ukraine: Marine portal, 2 March 2014[dead link].
  77. Jump up ^ "Russian special forces left the Ukrainian military unit in Sevastopol", Ukrayinska Pravda, 2 March 2014
  78. Jump up ^ Invasion of the Russian military inside the Ukrainian military unit, Ukraine: Marine portal, 2 March 2014[dead link].
  79. Jump up ^ "Russian soldiers stormed unit Ukrainian in Sevastopol". Ukrayinska Pravda. 2 March 2014
  80. Jump up ^ In Crimea, captured the headquarters of the Azov-Black Sea Regional Administration and Simferopol border detachment of Ukraine State Border Service. State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. 2 March 2014
  81. Jump up ^ In Crimea were seized the headquarters of the Ukrainian border guards. Ukrinform. 2 March 2014
  82. Jump up ^ ATR TV. atr.ua
  83. Jump up ^ Military unit in Kerch is surrounded by Russian soldiers. video. Ukrinform. 2 March 2014
  84. Jump up ^ "Appointed by Kiev authorities commander of the Ukrainian Navy, took the oath of allegiance to the people of Crimea". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 2 March 2014
  85. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Berezovsky was dismissed in the morning – for the order not to resist forces of Russia and to lay down arms". Ukrayinska Pravda. 2 March 2014
  86. Jump up ^ "Crimean internal troops refused to surrender their weapons". Ukrinform. 2 March 2014
  87. Jump up ^ "Wives of Ukrainian troops in the Crimea are defending men", News in brief (Ukraine: BBC), 3 March 2014
  88. Jump up ^ "Over the Kerch crossing to UKRAINE broke through trucks with armed men", Ukrayinska Pravda, 3 March 2014
  89. Jump up ^ Russian troops broke through the border at checkpoint 'Krym-Kuban', State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, 3 March 2014
  90. Jump up ^ Into Ukraine across the Kerch crossing broke through buses and trucks with gunmen ignoring border control, Interfax-Ukraine, 3 March 2014
  91. Jump up ^ {{Citation | url = http://navaltoday.com/2014/03/04/ukrainian-warship-thwarts-attack-in-sevastopol/ | title = Ukrainian Warship Thwarts Attack in Sevastopol | newspaper = NavalToday.com | date = 3 March 2014}}
  92. Jump up ^ "Black Sea Fleet demands from the Ukrainian military to surrender", Ukrayinska Pravda, 3 March 2014
  93. Jump up ^ The commander of the Black Sea Fleet issued an ultimatum to the Ukrainian military, declared the Defense Ministry, Interfax-Ukraine, 3 March 2014
  94. Jump up ^ Nikolsky, Alexei. "минобороны украины" [Russian Defense Ministry denies an ultimatum to the Ukrainian military in Crimea]. Vedomosti (in Russian) (RU). Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  95. Jump up ^ Russian Black Sea Fleet denies ultimatum to the Ukrainian military. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 March 2014
  96. Jump up ^ Baczynska, Gabriela (3 March 2014). Heritage, Timothy, ed. "Russian Black Sea Fleet says no assault ultimatum in Crimea". Interfax. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  97. Jump up ^ Ukraine's Yanukovych asked for troops, Russia tells UN, BBC, retrieved 4 March 2014
  98. Jump up ^ "In Russia confirmed that the unit in Perevalne is blocked by Russian soldiers", Ukrayinska Pravda, 3 March 2014
  99. Jump up ^ "Chernihiv Regional Council Chairman declared about military movement near the Russian border". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 2 March 2014.
  100. Jump up ^ Russia is suspected of preparing an invasion in Ukraine through the land borders, Ukrainian Independent Information Agency, 3 March 2014
  101. Jump up ^ "No Russian armored vehicles on the segment of Luhansk border detachment – border guards", Ukrinform, 3 March 2014
  102. Jump up ^ "Niespodziewane manewry w Obwodzie Kaliningradzkim : wojskowość". Poland: Kresy. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  103. Jump up ^ Karsten, Østergaard Nielsen. "Polens præsident: Obama har lovet mig at beskytte os mod Rusland" (in Danish). Denmark: Dr. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  104. Jump up ^ "Turkey grants US warship permission to enter Black Sea". RT. 5 March 2014.
  105. Jump up ^ Beckhusen, Robert. "These Are the American Forces That Could Fight in Ukraine". Medium. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  106. Jump up ^ "U.S. Navy destroyer heads to Black Sea for pre-planned exercises", Reuters (6 March 2014)
  107. Jump up ^ Destroyer USS Truxtun heads for Black Sea amid heightened tensions over Crimea Stars and Stripes. 6 March 2014
  108. Jump up ^ "A US navy ship! In the Black Sea!", Financial Times (6 March 2014)
  109. ^ Jump up to: a b Sevil Erkuş. "US warship given permission to traverse Bosphorus en route to Black Sea". Hürriyet Daily News.
  110. Jump up ^ More U.S. jets on NATO patrol in Baltics amid Ukraine crisis: source | Reuters
  111. Jump up ^ Jim Miklaszewski; Courtney Kube (5 March 2014). "U.S. Moves Six Fighter Jets to Baltics, More Airmen to Poland". NBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  112. ^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Jack (6 March 2014). "Ukraine Crisis: Obama Orders 12 F-16 Fighter Jets and 300 US Troops to Poland". International Business Times. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  113. Jump up ^ Raf Sanchez; Bruno Waterfield (6 March 2014). "Ukraine crisis: US sends fighter jets to Baltic and increases pressure on Vladimir Putin". Telegraph. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  114. Jump up ^ "Россия отозвала своего посла из-за непонятной ситуации в Украине – Медведев". Фото: doninformburo.ru. Russia: Korrespondent. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  115. Jump up ^ "Russian troops take over Ukraine's Crimea region as Putin gets approval to use military". The Globe and Mail. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  116. ^ Jump up to: a b "Пушков сравнил ситуацию в Крыму с Косовом". BBC. 28 February 2014.
  117. Jump up ^ "Россия: Общество: Число задержанных на антивоенном митинге в Москве выросло вдвое". Lenta.ru. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  118. Jump up ^ The Duma of Russian Federation has decided to move Russian troops into Ukraine on the basis of false information Urkainska pravda, Merch 1, 2014
  119. Jump up ^ Putin declares war against Ukraine Ukrayinska Pravda, 1 March 2014
  120. Jump up ^ "Crimea PM Takes Control of Army, Police And Seeks Russian Help". NBC News. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  121. Jump up ^ (Ukrainian) The new prime minister is the leader of Russian Unity, Ukrayinska Pravda (27 February 2014)
  122. Jump up ^ ? Как к Вам обращаться?. "Турчинов издал указ о незаконности назначения Аксенова премьером Крыма". Gazeta.ua. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  123. Jump up ^ "Chubarov: Russian invasion of Crimea is threat to world peace, security". Kyiv Post. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  124. Jump up ^ Mission of the OSCE started its work in the Crimea Ukrainska pravda, 5 March 2014.
  125. Jump up ^ Russia tries to hide from OSCE its military troops Ukrainska pravda, 5 March 2014
  126. Jump up ^ "Облсовет Луганская угрожает разоружить Майдан руками "братской" России". Gazeta.ua. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  127. ^ Jump up to: a b c Roth, Andrew (4 March 2014). "From Russia, 'Tourists' Stir the Protests". The New York Times.
  128. Jump up ^ "Russian site recruits 'volunteers' for Ukraine". BBC News. 4 March 2014.
  129. Jump up ^ Reuters (4 February 2014). "Tide of opinion turns against Russia in Ukraine's east". Reuters (via Reuters Foundation).
  130. Jump up ^ "В Донецке несколько сотен радикалов с криками "Россия" штурмуют ОГА". Ukraine: Gazeta. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  131. Jump up ^ Как к Вам обращаться. "Власть в Донецке перешла к сепаратистам – в здании ОГА остаются заложники". Ukraine: Gazeta. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  132. Jump up ^ "В центре Донецка прошел митинг за единую и мирную Украину – видео/фото" [In central Donetsk, rally held for united and peaceful Ukraine], News of Donbass (in Russian), 4 March 2013
  133. Jump up ^ "Митингующие под флагами России штурмуют Одесскую ОГА". Gazeta.ua. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  134. Jump up ^ "Turchynov: Russia starts aggression in Crimea". Kyiv Post. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  135. Jump up ^ "Ukraine live: Prime Minister of Ukraine says Russian military intervention would lead to war". The Daily Telegraph. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  136. Jump up ^ "Ukraine Puts Military on Full Alert After Russian Intervention Threat".
  137. Jump up ^ "UN Security Council meets on Ukraine". Yahoo!. Agence France-Presse. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
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  139. Jump up ^ "Ukraine crisis: 'G7' condemn Russia". The Age. 3 March 2014.
  140. Jump up ^ G-7 Leaders Statement (press release), The White House, 2 March 2014
  141. ^ Jump up to: a b c Chua, Ian (3 March 2014). "Yen holds ground as Ukraine jitters keep risk at bay". Reuters
  142. Jump up ^ Jackson, David (6 March 2014). "Obama: Sanctions will 'impose a cost' on Russia". USA Today. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  143. Jump up ^ Carlson, Kathryn Blaze. "Canada recalling ambassador from Moscow over Russian intervention in Ukraine". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  144. Jump up ^ Buchanan, Emily (1 January 1970). "Ukraine crisis: Britain pulls out of G8 preparatory talks". News. BBC. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  145. Jump up ^ Associated Press (4 March 2014). "Ukraine Crisis Sends Russian Markets, Ruble Plummeting". NBC News.
  146. Jump up ^ Sullivan, Tim, "Putin: troops to bases; warning shots in Crimea", Associated Press
  147. Jump up ^ Dreibus, Tony. "Wheat, Corn Prices Surge on Ukraine Crisis". The Wall Street Journal.

Further reading

  • Bremmer, Ian (1994). "The Politics of Ethnicity: Russians in the New Ukraine". Europe-Asia Studies 46 (2): 261–283. doi:10.1080/09668139408412161.
  • Hagendoorn, A.; Linssen, H.; Tumanov, S. V. (2001). Intergroup Relations in States of the former Soviet Union: The Perception of Russians. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-84169-231-X.
  • Legvold, Robert (2013). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century and the Shadow of the Past. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51217-6.

External links

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