Monday, October 21, 2013

Pumpkins

i just had to carve a pumpkin my 17 year old daughter designed and so my wife asked me where the name and where pumpkins originated. So, I called up this page. Later I realized it was still up and that all of you might be interested in pumpkins around Halloween too. My daughter decorated our front porch with white cotton streams resembling a spider web with a 10 inch across spider on it. With another purple web on our stain glass window in the front door on the porch too. Then she put at least 3 pumpkins (I carved another tonight) to put on the front porch as well. So, she is really into Halloween this year. I think it is because it is her senior year in High School. also, my wife correctly guessed the weight of a 60 pound pumpkin this year and won it at my daughter's high school this year as well.

Pumpkin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Pumpkin (disambiguation).

Several large pumpkins

A pumpkin flower attached to the vine.

Pumpkin pie is a popular way of preparing pumpkin.
Pumpkin refers to certain cultivars of squash, most commonly those of Cucurbita pepo, that are round, with smooth, slightly ribbed skin and deep yellow to orange coloration. The thick shell contains the seeds and pulp. Some exceptionally large cultivars of squash with similar appearance have also been derived from Cucurbita maxima. Specific cultivars of winter squash derived from other species, including C. argyrosperma, and C. moschata, are also sometimes called "pumpkin". In New Zealand and Australian English, the term "pumpkin" generally refers to the broader category called winter squash elsewhere.
Pumpkins, like other squash, are native to North America. Pumpkins are widely grown for commercial use, and are used both in food and recreation. Pumpkin pie, for instance, is a traditional part of Thanksgiving meals in the United States, although commercially canned pumpkin puree and pumpkin pie fillings are usually made from different kinds of winter squash than the pumpkins frequently carved as jack o'lanterns for decoration around Halloween.

Description

Pumpkins, like other squash, are thought to have originated in North America. The oldest evidence, pumpkin-related seeds dating between 7000 and 5500 BC, were found in Mexico.[1][2]
Since some squash share the same botanical classifications as pumpkins, the names are frequently used interchangeably. One often used botanical classification relies on the characteristics of the stems: pumpkin stems are more rigid, prickly, and angular (with an approximate five-degree angle) than squash stems, which are generally softer, more rounded, and more flared where joined to the fruit.[3][4]

Male (top) and female (bottom) pumpkin flowers
Traditional C. pepo pumpkins generally weigh between 6 and 18 pounds (2.7 and 8.2 kg), though the largest cultivars (of the species C. maxima) regularly reach weights of over 75 pounds (34 kg).[5]
The color of pumpkins is derived from the orange pigments abundant in them. The main nutrients are lutein and both alpha and beta carotene, the latter of which generates vitamin A in the body.[6]

Etymology

The word pumpkin originates from the word pepon (πέπων), which is Greek for “large melon", something round and large.[7] The French adapted this word to pompon, which the British changed to pumpion and later American colonists changed that to the word we use today, "pumpkin".[1]

Terminology

The term "pumpkin" as it applies to winter squash has different meanings depending on variety and vernacular. In many areas, including North America and the United Kingdom, "pumpkin" traditionally refers to only certain round, orange varieties of winter squash, predominantly derived from Cucurbita pepo, while in Australian English, "pumpkin" can refer to winter squash of any appearance.

Taxonomy

All pumpkins are winter squash: mature fruit of certain species in the genus Cucurbita. Characteristics commonly used to define "pumpkin" include smooth and slightly ribbed skin,[8] and deep yellow to orange[8] color. Circa 2005, white pumpkins had become increasingly popular in the United States.[9] The term “pumpkin” has no agreed upon botanical or scientific meaning,[10] and is used interchangeably with "squash" and "winter squash" in some areas.

Distribution and habitation

Pumpkins are grown all around the world for a variety of reasons ranging from agricultural purposes (such as animal feed) to commercial and ornamental sales.[11] Of the seven continents, only Antarctica is unable to produce pumpkins; the biggest international producers of pumpkins include the United States, Canada, Mexico, India, and China.[1][12] The traditional American pumpkin is the Connecticut Field variety.[11]

Ecology

Cultivation in the United States


A pumpkin patch in Winchester, Oregon.
As one of the most popular crops in the United States, 1.5 billion pounds (680,000,000 kilograms) of pumpkins are produced each year.[13] The top pumpkin-producing states include Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California.[11]
According to the Illinois Department of Agriculture, 95% of the U.S. crop intended for processing is grown in Illinois.[14] Nestlé, operating under the brand name Libby's, produces 85% of the processed pumpkin in the United States, at their plant in Morton, Illinois. In the fall of 2009, rain in Illinois devastated the Nestlé crop, resulting in a shortage affecting the entire country during the Thanksgiving holiday season.[15]
Pumpkins are a warm-weather crop that is usually planted in early July. The specific conditions necessary for growing pumpkins require that soil temperatures three inches (7.6 cm) deep are at least 60 °F (15.5 °C) and soil that holds water well. Pumpkin crops may suffer if there is a lack of water or because of cold temperatures (in this case, below 65 °F (18.3 °C); frost can be detrimental), and sandy soil with poor water retention or poorly drained soils that become waterlogged after heavy rain. Pumpkins are, however, rather hardy, and even if many leaves and portions of the vine are removed or damaged, the plant can very quickly re-grow secondary vines to replace what was removed.[13]
Pumpkins produce both a male and female flower; honeybees play a significant role in fertilization.[13] Pumpkins have historically been pollinated by the native squash bee Peponapis pruinosa, but this bee has declined, probably at least in part to pesticide sensitivity,[16] and today most commercial plantings are pollinated by honeybees. One hive per acre (4,000 m² per hive) is recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. If there are inadequate bees for pollination, gardeners often have to hand pollinate. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but abort before full development.

Giant pumpkins

Main article: Atlantic Giant
The largest pumpkins are Cucurbita maxima. They were cultivated from the hubbard squash genotype, crossed with kabocha-pumpkin types by enthusiast farmers through intermittent effort since the early 19th century. As such germplasm is commercially provocative, a U.S. legal right was granted for the rounder phenotypes, levying them as constituting a variety, with the appellation Atlantic Giant. Eventually, this phenotype graduated back into the public domain, except now it had the name Atlantic Giant on its record (see USDA PVP # 8500204).
Weigh-off competitions for giant pumpkins are a popular festival activity. The world record held at 459 pounds (208 kg) until 1981, when Howard Dill (of Nova Scotia) broke the record with a pumpkin weighing 493.5 pounds (223.8 kg). Dill patented the seeds used to grow this giant pumpkin, deeming them Dill’s Atlantic Giant seeds, and drawing growers from around the world. Dill is credited for all of the giant pumpkins today, most of which are borne from crossing and re-crossing his patented seed with other varieties.[17] By 1996, giant pumpkins had crossed the 1,000-pound (450 kg) mark. The current world record holder is Ron Wallace's 2,009.0-pound (911.3 kg) Atlantic Giant pumpkin, which in September 2012 surpassed Jim and Kelsey Bryson's previous 2011 record of 1,818.5 pounds (824.9 kg).[18]

Uses

Cooking


A can of pureed pumpkin, typically used as the main ingredient in pumpkin pie.
Pumpkin, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 109 kJ (26 kcal)
Carbohydrates 6.5 g
- Sugars 2.76 g
- Dietary fiber 0.5 g
Fat 0.1 g
Protein 1 g
Vitamin A equiv. 426 μg (53%)
- beta-carotene 3100 μg (29%)
- lutein and zeaxanthin 1500 μg
Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.05 mg (4%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.11 mg (9%)
Niacin (vit. B3) 0.6 mg (4%)
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.298 mg (6%)
Vitamin B6 0.061 mg (5%)
Folate (vit. B9) 16 μg (4%)
Vitamin C 9 mg (11%)
Vitamin E 0.44 mg (3%)
Vitamin K 1.1 μg (1%)
Calcium 21 mg (2%)
Iron 0.8 mg (6%)
Magnesium 12 mg (3%)
Manganese 0.125 mg (6%)
Phosphorus 44 mg (6%)
Potassium 340 mg (7%)
Sodium 1 mg (0%)
Zinc 0.32 mg (3%)
Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages are roughly approximated
using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
This article is part of the series
American cuisine
Flag of the United States.svg United States portal
Foods.jpg Food portal
Pumpkins are very versatile in their uses for cooking. Most parts of the pumpkin are edible, including the fleshy shell, the seeds, the leaves, and even the flowers. In the United States and Canada, pumpkin is a popular Halloween and Thanksgiving staple.[19] Pumpkin purée is sometimes prepared and frozen for later use.[20]
When ripe, the pumpkin can be boiled, baked, steamed, or roasted. In its native North America, it is a very important, traditional part of the autumn harvest, eaten mashed[21] and making its way into soups and purees. Often, it is made into pie, various kinds of which are a traditional staple of the Canadian and American Thanksgiving holidays. In Canada, Mexico, the United States, Europe and China, the seeds are often roasted and eaten as a snack.
Pumpkins that are still small and green may be eaten in the same way as squash or zucchini. In the Middle East, pumpkin is used for sweet dishes; a well-known sweet delicacy is called halawa yaqtin. In South Asian countries such as India, pumpkin is cooked with butter, sugar, and spices in a dish called kadu ka halwa. Pumpkin is used to make sambar in Udupi cuisine. In Guangxi province, China, the leaves of the pumpkin plant are consumed as a cooked vegetable or in soups. In Australia and New Zealand, pumpkin is often roasted in conjunction with other vegetables. In Japan, small pumpkins are served in savory dishes, including tempura. In Myanmar, pumpkins are used in both cooking and desserts (candied). The seeds are a popular sunflower seed substitute. In Thailand, small pumpkins are steamed with custard inside and served as a dessert. In Italy, it can be used with cheeses as a savory stuffing for ravioli. Also, pumpkin can be used to flavor both alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages.
In the southwestern United States and Mexico, pumpkin and squash flowers are a popular and widely available food item. They may be used to garnish dishes, and they may be dredged in a batter then fried in oil. Pumpkin leaves are a popular vegetable in the Western and central regions of Kenya; they are called seveve, and are an ingredient of mukimo,[22] respectively, whereas the pumpkin itself is usually boiled or steamed. The seeds are popular with children who roast them on a pan before eating them.
Commercially canned "pumpkin" puree and pumpkin pie fillings are often made with winter squashes other than the traditionally defined pumpkin, such as butternut squash.[23]

Seeds


Salted pumpkin seeds
Main article: Pepita
Pumpkin seeds, also known as pepitas, are small, flat, green, edible seeds. Most pumpkin seeds are covered by a white husk, although some pumpkin varieties produce seeds without them. Pumpkin seeds are a popular snack that can be found hulled or semi-hulled at most grocery stores. However, roasting pumpkin seeds (usually scooped out of jack-o-lanterns) is a popular Halloween treat. Per ounce serving, pumpkin seeds are a good source of protein, magnesium, copper and zinc.[24]

Pumpkin seed oil


Pumpkin seed oil
Pumpkin seed oil is a thick, green-red[25][26] oil that is produced from roasted pumpkin seeds. When used for cooking or as a salad dressing, pumpkin seed oil is generally mixed with other oils because of its robust flavor.[27] Used in cooking in central and eastern Europe, it is considered a delicacy in traditional local cuisines such as for pumpkin soup, potato salad or even vanilla ice cream. Pumpkin seed oil contains fatty acids, such as oleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.[28]

Phytochemical research

Preliminary research indicates that phytochemicals found in pumpkin may favorably affect insulin and glucose levels in laboratory diabetes models.[29] Two compounds isolated from pumpkin paste and then fed daily to diabetic rats over six weeks, trigonelline and nicotinic acid, caused significant reductions in blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, indicating improvement in the diabetic condition.[30]

Other uses

Canned pumpkin is often recommended by veterinarians as a dietary supplement for dogs and cats that are experiencing certain digestive ailments such as constipation, diarrhea, or hairballs. The high fiber content helps to aid proper digestion.[31]
Raw pumpkin can be fed to poultry, as a supplement to regular feed, during the winter to help maintain egg production, which usually drops off during the cold months.[32]
Pumpkin phytochemicals and nutrients remain under preliminary research for potential biological effects.[33]

Activities involving pumpkins

Halloween


A pumpkin carved into a jack-o'-lantern for Halloween
Pumpkins are commonly carved into decorative lanterns called jack-o'-lanterns for the Halloween season in North America. Throughout Britain and Ireland, there is a long tradition of carving lanterns from vegetables, particularly the turnip, mangelwurzel, or swede.[34][35] The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween,[36] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which are both readily available and much larger – making them easier to carve than turnips.[36] Not until 1837, does jack-o'-lantern appear as a term for a carved vegetable lantern,[37] and the carved pumpkin lantern association with Halloween is recorded in 1866.[38]
In the United States, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became an emblem of Halloween.[39] In 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities that encourage kids and families to join together to make their own jack-o'-lanterns.[39]

Chucking

Pumpkin chucking is a competitive activity in which teams build various mechanical devices designed to throw a pumpkin as far as possible. Catapults, trebuchets, ballistas and air cannons are the most common mechanisms. Some pumpkin chuckers breed and grow special varieties of pumpkin under specialized conditions to improve the pumpkin's chances of surviving a throw.

Pumpkin festivals and competitions


Competitive Weight Pumpkins
Pumpkin growers often compete to see whose pumpkins are the most massive. Festivals are often dedicated to the pumpkin and these competitions.
The Ohio towns of Barnesville and Circleville each hold a festival every year, the Barnesville Pumpkin Festival and the Circleville Pumpkin Show respectively. The town of Half Moon Bay, California, holds an annual Art and Pumpkin Festival, drawing over 250,000 visitors each year and including the World Champion Pumpkin Weigh-Off.[40] Farmers from all over the US compete to determine who can grow the heaviest pumpkin.[41] The winning pumpkin regularly tops the scale at more than 1500 pounds. Leonardo Urena, from Napa, California, grew the winner of the 2011 Weigh-Off with a 1,704-pound Atlantic Giant, setting a new California State record.[42] The record for the world's heaviest pumpkin was broken September 30, 2012, at the Topsfield Fair in Massachusetts.[43] Ron Wallace of Greene, Rhode Island, entered a pumpkin weighing 2,009 pounds. A few days earlier on September 27, a pumpkin grown by Steve Geddes of Boscawen, New Hampshire, weighed in at 1,843.5 pounds at the Deerfield Fair in New Hampshire. That one held the world record for just five days. Prior to that, Guinness World Records had the world's heaviest pumpkin set in 2010 by Chris Stevens, at a weight of 1,810 pounds, 8 ounces, at the Stillwater Harvest Fest in Stillwater, Minnesota.[44] The town of Morton, Illinois, the self-declared pumpkin capital of the world,[45] has held a Pumpkin Festival since 1966. The town, where Nestlé's pumpkin packing plant is located (and where 90% of canned pumpkins eaten in the US are processed), held for several years a record for the number of carved and lit pumpkins in one place, before losing it to Boston, Massachusetts, in 2006. A large contributor of pumpkins to the Keene Pumpkin Fest in New Hampshire is local Keene State College, which hosts an event called Pumpkin Lobotomy on its main quadrangle. Usually held the day before the festival itself, Pumpkin Lobotomy has the air of a large party, with the school providing pumpkins and carving instruments alike (though some students prefer to use their own) and music provided by college radio station WKNH.
Ireland's only Pumpkin Festival takes place each year in Virginia, County Cavan to find Ireland's biggest pumpkins. This year the biggest pumpkin topped 1300 pounds. The event takes place over a holiday weekend, along with other entertainment and festive parades.
The city of Elk Grove, California, has held an annual Pumpkin Festival since 1995.

Folklore and fiction

There seems to be a strong connection in folklore and popular culture between pumpkins and the supernatural. Famous examples include the following:

Folklore

  • A commonplace motif of people being turned into pumpkins by witches.
  • The jack-o-lantern custom discussed above, which connects to Halloween lore about warding off demons.

Fiction

See also

References

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Pumpkin Patch". 2007. Retrieved 19 Feb. 2008.
  2. Jump up ^ "Pumpkin". The Columbia Encyclopedia. Credo Reference. 2004. Retrieved 19 Feb. 2008.
  3. Jump up ^ cucurbitaceae. (1995). In Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia (8th ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  4. Jump up ^ pumpkin. (1992). In The Encyclopedia Americana International Edition. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated.
  5. Jump up ^ "Pumpkin". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
  6. Jump up ^ Susan D. Van Arnum (1998). Vitamin A in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (45). New York: John Wiley. pp. 99–107. doi:10.1002/0471238961.2209200101181421.a01.
  7. Jump up ^ Paris, Harry S. (1989). "Historical Records, Origins, and Development of the Edible Cultivar Groups of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany (New York Botanical Garden Press) 43 (4): 423–443. JSTOR 4255187. edit
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "Pumpkins in Florida". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
  9. Jump up ^ "White Pumpkins Hit the Halloween Market". NBC News. Associated Press. October 26, 2005. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  10. Jump up ^ "Horticulture Questions and Answers". Garden Help FAQ. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c Wolford, Ron; Banks, Drusilla (2008). "Pumpkins and More". University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved 19 Feb. 2008.
  12. Jump up ^ "Pumpkin Seeds". World's Healthiest Foods. The George Mateljan Foundation. 2008. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2008.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c Orzolek, Michael D.; Greaser, George L.; Harper, Jayson K. (2000). "Pumpkin Production". Agricultural Alternatives. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 19 Feb. 2008.
  14. Jump up ^ Illinois Department of Agriculture (22 Oct. 2004). "Illinois Leads Nation in Pumpkin Production".
  15. Jump up ^ Hirsh, Jerry (2009). "Pumpkin pie may be scarce on Thanksgiving Day". Los Angeles Times.[dead link]
  16. Jump up ^ Williams, Roger (2009). "Effects of imidacloprid-based Insecticides on the Native Cucurbit Pollinator, Peponapis pruinosa". US Interagency IPM Projects. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  17. Jump up ^ Raver, Anne. "In the Pumpkin Patch, an Orange Thumb." New York Times, 18 Oct. 2007, p. F6.
  18. Jump up ^ World Record Achievements. GiantPumpkin.com.
  19. Jump up ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2011). "Thanksgiving". Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment.
  20. Jump up ^ Roberts, Tammy. "Many uses for pumpkin". MissouriFamilies. University of Missouri Extension.
  21. Jump up ^ Stavely, Keith W.F. and Fitzgerald, Kathleen. America's Founding Food: The Story of New England Cooking. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8078-2894-7
  22. Jump up ^ "Cock and Bull Stories". Ngishili.com. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  23. Jump up ^ "Canned Pumpkin: What is it Really Made of?". thekitchn. Apartment Therapy.
  24. Jump up ^ "Nutrition facts for pumpkin seeds, whole, roasted, without salt". SELF Nutritiondata. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  25. Jump up ^ Kreft, S.; Kreft, M. (2007). "Physicochemical and physiological basis of dichromatic colour". Naturwissenschaften 94: 935–939.
  26. Jump up ^ Kaernbach, C.; Dörre, C. (2006). "On the color of transparent substances, in Current Psychological Research in Austria". In Gula, B.; Vitouch, O. Proceedings of the 7th scientific conference of the Austrian Psychological Society (ÖGP) (Klagenfurt).
  27. Jump up ^ Tyler Herbst, Sharon (2001). "Pumpkin-Seed Oil". The New Food Lover's Companion (3rd ed.). Barron. p. 550. Retrieved 14 Feb. 2008.
  28. Jump up ^ Bavec F, Grobelnik Mlakar S, Rozman Č, Bavec M (2007). "Oil Pumpkins: Niche for Organic Producers". Issues in new crops and new uses. Purdue University Agriculture, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  29. Jump up ^ "Pumpkin May Cut Injections for Diabetes". Daily Telegraph (London, UK: Telegraph Group). 9 July 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  30. Jump up ^ Yoshinari O, Sato H, Igarashi K (2009). "Anti-diabetic effects of pumpkin and its components, trigonelline and nicotinic acid, on Goto-Kakizaki rats". Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 73 (5): 1033–41. PMID 19420712. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  31. Jump up ^ "Tip 75 – Pumpkin for cats – pumpkin for dogs – Pumpkin for diarrhea or constipation". Pets.ca - Canada's Pet Information Centre. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  32. Jump up ^ Jacob, J. P.; Wilson, H. R.; Miles, R. D.; Butcher, G. D.; Mather, F. B. "Factors Affecting Egg Production in Backyard Chicken Flocks". University of Florida IFAS Extension. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  33. Jump up ^ Yadav, M.; Jain, S; Tomar, R.; Prasad, G.B.; Yadav, H. (2010). "Medicinal and biological potential of pumpkin: an updated review". Nutr Res Rev 23 (2): 184–90. PMID 21110905. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  34. Jump up ^ "Pumpkins Passions". BBC. 31 October 2005. Retrieved 19 October 2006. "They continue to be popular choices today as carved lanterns in Scotland and Northern Ireland, although the British purchased a million pumpkins for Halloween in 2004"
  35. Jump up ^ "Turnip battles with pumpkin for Hallowe'en". BBC. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b The Oxford companion to American food and drink. Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 269. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  37. Jump up ^ Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1837). "The Great Carbuncle". Twice-Told Tales. "Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!"
  38. Jump up ^ Daily News (Kingston, Ontario), November 1, 1866:
    The old time custom of keeping up Hallowe'en was not forgotten last night by the youngsters of the city. They had their maskings and their merry-makings, and perambulated the streets after dark in a way [that] was no doubt amusing to themselves. There was a great sacrifice of pumpkins from which to make transparent heads and face, lighted up by the unfailing two inches of tallow candle.
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially, The New York Times, Nov. 24, 1895, p. 27. "Odd Ornaments for Table," The New York Times, Oct. 21, 1900, p. 12.
  40. Jump up ^ "Half Moon Bay Art & Pumpkin Festival: A Brief History". Miramar Events. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  41. Jump up ^ "Quick Facts". Miramar Events. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  42. Jump up ^ "2011 Results - The Safeway World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off". Miramarevents.com. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  43. Jump up ^ "2012 World Record- 2009 Pound Giant Pumpkin Pictures from". Pumpkin Nook. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  44. Jump up ^ Clarke, Suzanne. "World's Heaviest Pumpkin Record Falls Twice". Yahoo News. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  45. Jump up ^ "Morton Pumpkin Festival". 2008-01-15. Archived from the original on 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2011-01-04.

Further reading

  • Cindy Ott, Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2012.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pumpkins.
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Pumpkins

This page was last modified on 19 October 2013 at 11:28.

end quote from:

Pumpkin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin‎
The term “pumpkin” has no agreed upon botanical or scientific meaning, and is used interchangeably with "squash" and "winter squash" in some areas.
Posted by at
Labels:

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)